CHAPTER 19CHAPTER 19

1945-19531945-1953

THE COLD WAR THE COLD WAR BEGINSBEGINS

SECTION 1SECTION 1

THE IRON THE IRON CURTAIN FALLS CURTAIN FALLS

ON EUROPEON EUROPE

COLD WARCOLD WAR The The Cold War was an era of high Cold War was an era of high

tension and bitter competition tension and bitter competition between the U.S. and the Soviet between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.Union.

It was It was DEMOCRACY vs. DEMOCRACY vs. COMMUNISM.COMMUNISM.

The U.S. did have the upper hand until The U.S. did have the upper hand until the Soviets developed an atomic bomb of the Soviets developed an atomic bomb of their own and the their own and the “arms race”“arms race” between between the two super powers was on!the two super powers was on!

The IRON CURTAIN The IRON CURTAIN DESCENDSDESCENDS

At Yalta and Potsdam Stalin promised At Yalta and Potsdam Stalin promised to hold free elections in eastern to hold free elections in eastern Europe.Europe.

He did not do so and left his troops He did not do so and left his troops there in what he called a there in what he called a buffer zone buffer zone between Germany, France and between Germany, France and Russia.Russia.

Opponents to Russian communism Opponents to Russian communism were not dealt with nicely.were not dealt with nicely.

In a speech in In a speech in Fulton, Fulton, Missouri Missouri Winston Winston Churchill Churchill described this described this as an as an IRON IRON CURTAIN CURTAIN that that has descended has descended upon Europe.upon Europe.

THE U.S. RESPONSETHE U.S. RESPONSE

The American government The American government adopted a policy of adopted a policy of containmentcontainment..

This policy was created by This policy was created by American statesman George American statesman George Kennan.Kennan.

The U.S. would halt communism The U.S. would halt communism in its already established in its already established boarders.boarders.

President Truman issues a President Truman issues a policy, policy, THE TRUMAN THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE which called for DOCTRINE which called for economic aid to help free economic aid to help free nations resist communism.nations resist communism.

The U.S. also began the The U.S. also began the MARSHALL PLAN which MARSHALL PLAN which was a massive program of was a massive program of aid to Western Europe.aid to Western Europe.

As a result of the Marshall As a result of the Marshall Plan Europe was able to Plan Europe was able to rebuild.rebuild.

It enabled Western Europe to It enabled Western Europe to feed its people and buy feed its people and buy products from the U.S.products from the U.S.

The MARSHALL PLAN helped The MARSHALL PLAN helped the U.S. build strong political the U.S. build strong political support in Western Europe.support in Western Europe.

THE BERLIN AIRLIFTTHE BERLIN AIRLIFT

Germany and Germany and Berlin were Berlin were divided into divided into four zones four zones after the after the war.war.

In 1948 the Soviets declared In 1948 the Soviets declared they would block all rail, road, they would block all rail, road, or river traffic into West Berlin.or river traffic into West Berlin.

Stalin’s plan was to starve West Stalin’s plan was to starve West Berlin and the allies would give Berlin and the allies would give Russia full control of the capital Russia full control of the capital city.city.

The U.S. and Britain began The U.S. and Britain began flying in supplies to West Berlin flying in supplies to West Berlin 24/7 for almost a year.24/7 for almost a year.

There were tragedies but the There were tragedies but the airlift continued.airlift continued.

On May 12, 1949 the Soviet On May 12, 1949 the Soviet Union lifted its blockade.Union lifted its blockade.

By that time, American, By that time, American, British, and French planes British, and French planes had made nearly 280,000 had made nearly 280,000 flights into Berlin.flights into Berlin.

The first conflict of the The first conflict of the COLD COLD WAR WAR did not end in a fight.did not end in a fight.

NATONATO

In April, 1949 the U.S. and six In April, 1949 the U.S. and six other nations joined Belgium, other nations joined Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Great Britain Netherlands and Great Britain in a system of common defense in a system of common defense called called THE NORTH THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION.ORGANIZATION.

The other six nations were The other six nations were Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal.Italy, Norway and Portugal.

The agreement was that an The agreement was that an attack on one was an attack attack on one was an attack on all!on all!

Chapter 15Chapter 15Section 2Section 2

Pages 471-476Pages 471-476

HEALING THE HEALING THE WOUNDS OF WARWOUNDS OF WAR

GI BILL – In 1944 FDR signed GI BILL – In 1944 FDR signed the GI BILL. This bill aimed at the GI BILL. This bill aimed at helping veterans make a smooth helping veterans make a smooth change to being civilians. The change to being civilians. The bill provided money for veterans bill provided money for veterans who wanted education. It also who wanted education. It also gave them loans to buy homes, gave them loans to buy homes, farms, or businesses. It also farms, or businesses. It also helped veterans find work and helped veterans find work and provided unemployment provided unemployment benefits for those who couldn’t.benefits for those who couldn’t.

Baby Boom – This was a large Baby Boom – This was a large increase in the birthrate after increase in the birthrate after WWII.WWII.

Fair Deal – In 1948 Truman Fair Deal – In 1948 Truman wins the presidential election wins the presidential election and put forward his FAIR and put forward his FAIR DEAL. It included a number DEAL. It included a number of programs in the tradition of programs in the tradition of the New Deal. of the New Deal.

Universal Declaration of Universal Declaration of Human Rights – This document Human Rights – This document issued by the United Nations issued by the United Nations said that all human beings said that all human beings were born free and equal. It were born free and equal. It called for an end to slavery and called for an end to slavery and torture. It also demanded a torture. It also demanded a variety of civil rights including variety of civil rights including the right to assembly and the the right to assembly and the right to access to courts.right to access to courts.

World Bank – The World Bank World Bank – The World Bank aimed to help poor countries aimed to help poor countries build their economies. It build their economies. It provided grants and loans.provided grants and loans.

The International Monetary The International Monetary Fund – This group encouraged Fund – This group encouraged economic policies that economic policies that promoted international trade.promoted international trade.

General Agreement on Tariffs General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade – This agreement & Trade – This agreement promoted trade. It aimed to promoted trade. It aimed to reduce tariffs and other trade reduce tariffs and other trade barriers.barriers.

CHAPTER 15CHAPTER 15

Section 3Section 3

THE SECOND RED THE SECOND RED SCARESCARE

After the war America had a After the war America had a widespread scare about the widespread scare about the spread of communism. Two spread of communism. Two contributing factors led to this.contributing factors led to this.

1.1. In late August, 1949 the Soviet In late August, 1949 the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb Union detonated an atomic bomb and the and the “arms race”“arms race” was on!was on!

2.2. Then, China turned communist Then, China turned communist under the leadership of Mao under the leadership of Mao Zedong.Zedong.

China had been an ally of the China had been an ally of the U.S. during WWII under the U.S. during WWII under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek.leadership of Chiang Kai-shek.

Now, the nationalist Now, the nationalist government and Chiang Kai-government and Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of shek fled to the island of Taiwan.Taiwan.

China became known as the China became known as the People’s Republic of China.People’s Republic of China.

As a result of all of this a As a result of all of this a SECOND RED SCARE is now SECOND RED SCARE is now underway in the U.S.underway in the U.S.

In the late 1930’s the House of In the late 1930’s the House of Representatives had formed a Representatives had formed a House Un-American Activities House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).Committee (HUAC).

This committee was to This committee was to investigate radical groups. It investigate radical groups. It soon came to focus on soon came to focus on communists.communists.

In 1947 the committee began In 1947 the committee began investigating the movie investigating the movie industry in Hollywood.industry in Hollywood.

Ten writers and directors, Ten writers and directors, known as the known as the HOLLYWOOD HOLLYWOOD TENTEN, were investigated., were investigated.

They refused to answer They refused to answer questions and were jailed for questions and were jailed for their refusal.their refusal.

In 1948Alger Hiss was a In 1948Alger Hiss was a government official accused of government official accused of plotting to put Communists in the plotting to put Communists in the government.government.

He served several years in prison.He served several years in prison. In 1951 Ethel and Julius In 1951 Ethel and Julius

Rosenberg were convicted of Rosenberg were convicted of spying and executed.spying and executed.

This gave rise a Senator Joe This gave rise a Senator Joe McCarthy.McCarthy.

SECOND RED SCARESECOND RED SCARE

Senator Joe McCarthy was from Senator Joe McCarthy was from WisconsinWisconsin..

McCarthy attacked many people as McCarthy attacked many people as being communists even though he being communists even though he had no real evidence.had no real evidence.

McCarthyism (as it became McCarthyism (as it became known as) spread to known as) spread to government, universities, labor government, universities, labor unions, and private businesses.unions, and private businesses.

As a result of As a result of McCarthyism McCarthyism thousands of thousands of people were people were fired for fired for political political reasons.reasons.

CHAPTER 15CHAPTER 15

Section 4Section 4

THE KOREAN WARTHE KOREAN WAR

Japan controlled the Korean Japan controlled the Korean peninsula until WWII ended.peninsula until WWII ended.

After WWII Korea was divided After WWII Korea was divided in half at the 38in half at the 38thth parallel. parallel.

The Soviet Union would The Soviet Union would control the north and the control the north and the United States would control United States would control the south.the south.

Kim Il SungKim Il Sung was the was the communist leader of the communist leader of the north and north and Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee was the leader of the south.was the leader of the south.

Both were dictators and both Both were dictators and both wanted to unite Korea.wanted to unite Korea.

On June 25On June 25thth, 1950 North , 1950 North Korean troops invaded South Korean troops invaded South Korea.Korea.

The north was armed with The north was armed with Soviet weapons.Soviet weapons.

President Truman felt the U.S. President Truman felt the U.S. had to take a stand against had to take a stand against communist aggression. communist aggression. (containment)(containment)

The north quickly pushed to the The north quickly pushed to the capital city of Seoul and took it.capital city of Seoul and took it.

Truman asked for UN help and Truman asked for UN help and received it.received it.

The Soviets were boycotting the The Soviets were boycotting the UN since the UN would not UN since the UN would not recognize Communist China as recognize Communist China as the official government of China.the official government of China.

The fighting was called a The fighting was called a police actionpolice action and the U.S. and the U.S. and 15 other nations sent and 15 other nations sent ground troops to fight.ground troops to fight.

The commander of the UN The commander of the UN force was American General force was American General Douglas MacArthur.Douglas MacArthur.

Early on Early on the North the North Koreans Koreans drove all drove all the way to the way to Pusan.Pusan.

MacArthur’s MacArthur’s plan was to plan was to land behind land behind North Korean North Korean lines at the port lines at the port city of city of InchonInchon..

The UN forces The UN forces quickly drove quickly drove the North the North Koreans out of Koreans out of South Korea.South Korea.

MacArthur wanted to take MacArthur wanted to take North Korea. North Korea.

However a large Chinese army However a large Chinese army invaded North Korea and the invaded North Korea and the UN troops had to retreat.UN troops had to retreat.

MacArthur wanted to attack MacArthur wanted to attack China and possibly use atomic China and possibly use atomic bombs.bombs.

Mac was wrong.Mac was wrong.

A force led by Lieutenant A force led by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway General Matthew Ridgway stopped the Chinese and pushed stopped the Chinese and pushed them back to the 38them back to the 38thth parallel. parallel.

Peace talks began in 1951 in the Peace talks began in 1951 in the Korean town of Korean town of Panmunjom.Panmunjom.

They dragged on for over two They dragged on for over two years until after Eisenhower years until after Eisenhower became president in 1953.became president in 1953.

Over 36,000 American soldiers Over 36,000 American soldiers had died.had died.

Almost another 60,000 UN troops Almost another 60,000 UN troops from other countries had died.from other countries had died.

Communist forces had 2 milllion Communist forces had 2 milllion casualties.casualties.

As many as 3 million Korean As many as 3 million Korean civilians were killed or injured.civilians were killed or injured.

Korea has frequently been called Korea has frequently been called THE FORGOTTEN WARTHE FORGOTTEN WAR due to due to the reception our soldiers the reception our soldiers received when they returned received when they returned home.home.