Chapter 19 Blood - Houston Community College

Chapter 19

Blood

BloodHeart

Blood Vessels

Chapter 19

Blood

The fluid

component of

the

cardiovascular

system

Ch 19 Learning Outcomes:Chapter 19 Learning Outcomes

After completing Chapter 19, you will be able to:

1. Describe the components and major functions of blood, and list the physical characteristics of blood.

2. Describe the composition and functions of plasma.

3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells, describethe structure and functions of hemoglobin, describe erythropoiesis and how are red blood cells components recycled.

4. List and describe the types of white blood cells based on theirstructures and functions.

5. Describe the structure, function, and production of platelets.

6. Discuss the mechanisms of hemostasis after an injury.

7. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABOand Rh incompatibilities.










Chapter 19

Blood

The study of

blood, blood-

forming

tissues, and

the disorders

associated

with them is

called….

Hematology

4 Major Tissue Types In The Body

RBC

WBC

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

1a. The extracellular matrix in blood

is called

Plasma

plasma

2. List general functions of Blood:

Martini: 19-1 Blood Functions and

Characteristics, pg. 653

Openstax: 18.1 Functions and

Characteristics of Blood, pg. 738

-Transportation

-Defense

-Maintenance of Homeostasis

Transportation

dissolved gases (O2, CO2) , nutrients, hormones, heat, and metabolic wastes.

2a. Describe each function of blood:

-Transports materials to and from cells:

2. General functions of Blood:





-Transportation

-Defense


Defense (protection)


-against disease-causing agents (pathogens)

-against blood loss at injured sites:

platelets and plasma proteins block

ruptured areas of blood vessels todecrease blood loss

2. General functions of Blood:





-Transportation

-Defense


Maintenace of Homeostasis


-helps to adjust body temperature

- helps to regulate the pH and ioncomposition of body fluids

-helps to regulate water content of bodycells

3. Physical Characteristics of Blood

3a. Blood’s temperature:

About 38ºC (100.4ºF)(slightly above normal body temperature)

3b. Blood viscosity vs. water

Water Blood

Who is more viscous (thicker)? Blood

3. Physical Characteristics of

Blood– pg. 729

3c. Blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45

? Blood’s pH is…

a) slightly acidic

b) Slightly basic

c) neutral

3d. Who has more blood, adult

males or adult females?

3. Physical Characteristics of

Blood– pg. 729

Males!

Males = 5-6 Liters

Females = 4-5 Liters

Differences in average body size

Adipose Tissue

Amount of adipose tissue will also

influence how much blood a person has:

-more adipose tissue, less blood

-less adipose tissue, more blood

4. Components of Blood

4a. Blood has 2 components:

Plasma

Formed

Elements

4. Components of Blood

The term whole blood refers to…

Plasma

Formed

Elements

the

combination

of plasma

and formed

elementswhole

blood

4b. What is plasma?

Plasma

whole

blood

Plasma:

liquid

extracellular

matrix

4c. What are formed elements of

blood?

Formed

Elements

whole

blood

4c. Formed elements of blood:

Cells & Cell Fragments

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

Platelets =

cell

fragments

Separating Plasma From Formed

Elements of Blood

Plasma

Formed Elements

centrifuge

Plasma

(55% of blood volume)

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Buffy Coat

(WBC & platelets)

Formed

elements

((45% of blood

volume)

Martini: See Fig. 19-1

Openstax: Fig. 18.2

Buffy Coat:

-Layer between packed

RBCs and plasma in a

centrifuged blood sample

-composed only of WBC

& platelets

4d. What is hematocrit?

The percentage of red blood cells in

a blood sample

Another name for hematocrit?

packed cell volume (PCV)

Averages:

Females: 42%

Males: 47%

Testosterone stimulate red blood

cell production whereas estrogens

(female hormones) do not.

II. The sex difference in hematocrit is

mainly caused by the fact that....

4e. What is anemia?

4f. What is polycythemia?

Averages:

Females: 42%

Males: 47% 4e. What is anemia?

Disorder of blood characterized by

below-normal hematocrit (hemoglobin

content is below normal)

4f. What is Polycythemia?

Disorder of blood characterized by

above-normal hematocrit (can cause

hypertension, thrombosis, and

hemorrhage)

Average Hematocrit:

Females: 42%

Males: 47%










Martini: 19-2 Plasma, pg. 656

Openstax: Blood Plasma, pg. 739

1. About 55% of the volume of whole

blood.

55%

45%

Range: 46-63%

2. Normal color of plasma:

Straw-Colored

Blood Plasma

3. List the main components of plasma:

Water

Plasma proteins

Other Solutes

55%

45%

4a. Water

4ai. MAIN component of plasma

55%

45%

4aii. Plasma is about 92% water


Water

Plasma proteins

Other Solutes

55%

45%

4b. Plasma Proteins

4bi. Make about 7% of plasma

volume

55%

45%

4bii. The 3 most abundant plasma

proteins:

Albumin

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Make

about

99% of

plasma

proteins

4b. Plasma Proteins

Albumin

55%

45%

A. Makes about 60% of plasma

proteins

Clinical levels: 3.5-5.0 g/dL blood

B. The organ that synthesizes

(makes) albumin is:

Liver

Gallbladder

C. Albumin Functions:

-Major contributor to osmotic pressure

of plasma

-Transports fatty acids, thyroid

hormones and steroid hormones

(estrogen, progesterone, etc.),

and other substances

4b. Plasma Proteins

55%

45%


proteins:

Albumin

Globulins

Fibrinogen

4b. Plasma Proteins

Globulins

55%

45%


proteins


B. List important globulins:

-antibodies (made by plasma cells,

a white blood cell)

-Transport globulins: transport iron,

lipids, fat-soluble vitamins

Liver

C. Most globulins are made at

the liver

4b. Plasma Proteins

55%

45%


proteins:

Albumin

Globulins

Fibrinogen

4b. Plasma Proteins

Fibrinogen

55%

45%


proteins


B. Function of fibrinogen:

forms blood clotts

C. Fibrinoge is made at: Liver

Liver

NOTE: the liver makes and releases

more than 90% of plasma proteins:

-all albumins

-all fibrinogen

-most globulins


Water

Plasma proteins

Other Solutes

55%

45%

4c. Other solutes (1%) found in plasma

55%

45%

A. Electrolytes

Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, HCO3-, etc

B. Nutrients:

cholesterol, glucose, amino acids

C. Wastes:

urea, bilirubin, ammonium ions

D. Dissolved Gases:

oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2)

REVIEW

Water 92%

55%

45%

Plasma proteins 7%

Other solutes 1%

REVIEW Fig. 19-1, Martini, pg. 654-655

Martini,

Fig 19-1

Whole Blood

Formed Elements

55%

45%

a. The three formed elements of

blood:

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

Platelets = cell

fragments

REVIEW

Formed Elements of Blood:

WBC

WBC

RBC










1. Red blood cells or erythrocytes

Martini: 19-3 Red Blood Cells, pg. 657

Openstax: 18.3 Erythrocytes, pg. 745

2. RBCs are:

Formed Elements

55%

45%

-The most abundant blood cells

-Account for 99.9% of the

formed elements

3. Abundance of RBCs:

Formed Elements

55%

45%

3a. Adult males:

about 4.5-6.3 million RBC’s /µL

3b. Adult females:

about 4.2-5.5 million RBC’s /µL

uL = microliter Martini: 19-3 Red Blood Cells, pg. 657


4. Functions of RBCs?

Transport oxygen (O2) to tissues and

remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues

5. Shape & Structure of RBCs

5a. Shape:

-Thin central region

-Thicker outer margin

biconcave disc

Martini, Fig. 19-2 Openstax: Fig. 18.6

5. Shape & Structure of RBCs

5a. Shape:

Average diameter of a RBC:

biconcave disc

7.8 µm

µm = micrometer

5b. RBC’s shape effects on its function:

5bi. Large surface area to volume ratio

Martini: 19-3 Red Blood Cells, pg. 657


5bii. Enables RBCs to form stacks

(rouleaux) that smooth blood flow through

narrow

blood

vessels


5biii. Enables RBCs to bend & flex

when entering small capillaries


blood

capillary

RBC

RBC

RBC

RBC

5c. Does a mature human RBC have

a nucleus and most organelles? No

-RBCs have no nuclei and most organelles

No

5e. RBCs live less than 120 days in circulation

5d. Can RBCs divide?5f. The oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs,

causing their red color: hemoglobin (Hb)

1 RBC has

about 280

million

Hemoglobins

Hb makes more than

95% of a RBC protein

content

Hemoglobin (Hb) Martini, pg. 659

Openstax, pg. 747

1a. a large molecule composed of proteins

and iron

280 million Hb


Openstax, pg. 747

1b. It is responsible for the RBC's ability to

transport oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide

(CO2)

2a. In Males: 14-18 g/dL

2b. In Females: 12-16 g/dL

2. Hemoglobin Normal Ranges:


Openstax, pg. 747

3. Hemoglobin Structure:

2 alpha (α) chains and 2 beta (β) chains

3a. Each Hb has polypeptide chains:4

Openstax

Fig. 18.7


Openstax

Fig. 18.7

3b. Each Hb chain contains heme molecule1

How many hemes does 1 Hb contain? 4


Openstax

Fig. 18.7

3c. Each heme has an iron (Fe+2) ion

Each iron ion binds one oxygen molecule

O2


Openstax

Fig. 18.7

?. 1 hemoglobin has iron ions

Each iron ion binds one oxygen molecule (O2)

4

O2


Openstax

Fig. 18.7

1 hemoglobin transports ___ oxygen molecules4

O2

O2O2

O2

4. Oxyhemoglobin vs. Deoxyhemoglobin

4a. In the lungs, hemoglobin picks O2, which

binds to: Iron ions

O2

O2O2

O2

forming: Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

4b. Blood that transports RBCs filled with

oxyhemoglobin is ______ red.bright

Oxygenated

blood = RBCs

filled with

oxyhemoglobin

? Bright red blood is transported in….

a. Arteries b. Veins

Bright red

blood

4. Oxyhemoglobin vs. Deoxyhemoglobin

4c. A hemoglobin

molecule whose

irons have

no oxygen bound

is called…

Deoxyhemoglobin

4d. Blood that transports RBCs filled with

deoxyhemoglobin is ______ red.Dark

Deoxygenated

blood = RBCs

filled with

deoxyhemoglobin

? Dark red blood is transported in….

a. Arteries b. Veins

Dark red blood

4e.

Hemoglobin also

transports

carbon dioxide (CO2):

-CO2 binds to the amino acids in

hemoglobin forming a molecule known as

carbaminohemoglobin

CO2

O2

O2

O2

O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

4d.

Hemoglobin also

transports

carbon dioxide (CO2):

-carbaminohemoglobin transports CO2 to

the lungs

CO2

O2

O2

O2

O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Sickle Cell Anemia

Health

RBC

Sickle Cell AnemiaNormal RBCs

-Results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of the

beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule

-RBCs become stiff and curved when hemoglobin gives up enough

of its bound oxygen

Sickle Cell AnemiaNormal RBCs

-RBCs can become stuck in narrow vessels and nearby tissues

become starved for oxygen

1. The oxygen-carrying protein inside RBCs,

causing their red color: hemoglobin (Hb)

about 280 million Hemoglobins

REVIEW:

2. How many hemoglobin molecules does 1

RBC contain?

3. Name the protein that transports CO2:

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin also

transports

carbon dioxide (CO2):CO2

O2

O2

O2

O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

REVIEW: Tue, Jan 27th

-Ch 19 quiz

-Ch 20 lecture

course calendar

RBC Production Martini, pg. 661

Openstax, pg. 748

1. During the first eight weeks of

development, blood cells form…

in the embryonic yolk sac


Openstax, pg. 748

2. From the second to fifth months of

development, blood cells form…liver and spleen

3. In adults, the only site of blood cells

formation is… red bone marrow

Compact vs. Spongy Bone

Red bone marrow is found in

spongy bone


Openstax, pg. 748

4. RBC formation is called erythropoiesis

5. Stages in RBC Maturation

Stem cells in red bone marrow

Myeloid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells

divide

Divide to produce

RBCs and several

types of WBCs

Divide to produce

lymphocytes

Myeloid stem cells

in red bone marrow

Red Bone Marrow

divides ProerythroblastDay 1:

ErythroblastDay 2:

Day 3:

Day 4:

Normoblast

Circulation

sheds its nucleus

and becomes

Reticulocyte

Ejection of

nucleus

Days 5-7 enters

After 24 hrs in circulation,

reticulocytes mature Mature RBC

6. Regulation

of

Erythropoiesis

6a. For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the

red bone marrow needs:

-amino acids

-iron

-Vitamin B12, B6, and folic acid

6b. Hormone that

controls directly

production rate of

RBCs:

Erythropoietin

(EPO)

MAINLY:

kidneys

6c. Erythropoietin is made and

released from:

Some from: liver

6d. Other hormones

stimulating indirectly

erythropoiesis?

Testosterone,

Growth Hormone

(GH)

6e. What causes release of

erythropoietin?

6ei. Low cellular oxygen concentration

(hypoxia)

6eii. Physiological conditions causing hypoxia:

-anemia

-decrease of blood flow to kidneys

-low oxygen content in lungs (with

disease or high altitude)

6f. What is Blood Doping?

The dangers of blood doping

So…What is Blood Doping?

Increasing the oxygen-carrying

capacity to muscles by increasing the

RBC count ARTIFICIALLY:

-injecting artificial erythropoietin (EPO)

-injecting concentrated RBCs

-etc.

Hematocrite may

rise to 65% or

more: blood is

more viscous

(thicker)

6fi. Dangers of Blood Doping:

-heart attacks

-strokes

-pulmonary embolisms

-infections

READ: RBC formation and Turnover,Martini: pg. 660-661 (also posted in EO2)

Fill in the blanks to each question about your readingassignment:

http://on.aol.com/video/the-problem-of-blood-doping-517653049










Formed Elements of Blood

Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells or

LeukocytesPlatelets

REVIEW: After birth, WBCs are made and

released from red bone marrow MAINLY

(found at spongy bone)

Martini: 19-5 White Blood Cells, pg. 667

Openstax: 18.4 Leukocytes & Platelets, pg. 752

REVIEW: WBCs are also produced in

thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes



2. FUNCTIONS:

3. Retain their organelles & nucleus

throughout life



protection against

infectious agents;

remove toxins, wastes, and

abnormal or damaged cells

3a. WBCs divide (by mitosis)

(least abundant of the formed elements)

4. WBC Count:



5,000 – 10,000 WBC/µL

(least abundant of the formed elements)

4. WBC Count:



5,000 – 10,000 WBC/µL

4a. What is leukocytosis?

-An increase in the number of WBCs

-Modest leukocytosis is normal during

an infection

-Extreme leukocytosis, above

10,000/ul may indicate leukemia

Normal

Leukemia

(cancer of WBCs)

4b. What is leukopenia?

-A decrease in the number of WBC

below 5,000/ul

-It is not beneficial, occurring after

radiation, shock, or chemotherapy

5. How long do WBCs live in circulation?

-Some live for several months or years

(lymphocytes)

-But most live for only a few days



6. Five (5) Types of Leukocytes:

-Neutrophil

-Eosinophil

-Basophil

-Lymphocyte

-Monocyte

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Five (5) Types of Leukocytes:

GranulocytesAgranulocytes

Granulocytes, Martini, Fig. 19-9

Openstax, Fig. 18.11

Granulocytes have visible granules

(vesicles) in their cytoplasm

Agranulocytes

Granulocytes, Martini, Fig. 19-9

Openstax, Fig. 18.11

Agranulocytes have no visible granules in

their cytoplasm; cytoplasm seems clear

White Blood Cell Quantity Appearance

of nucleus & Functions

granules or cytoplasm

Site of

production

Granulocytes

1. Neutrophil

Another name

for neutrophils:

2. Eosinophil

3. Basophil

Agranulocytes

1.Monocyte

2.Lymphocyte

Range:

______________

Differential

count:

______________

Range:

______________

Differential

count:

______________

Range:

______________

Differential

count:

______________

Range:

______________

Differential

count:

______________

Range:

______________

Differential

count:

______________

WBC Circulation and Movement,

Martini, pg. 667 Openstax, 752-753

1. While RBCs spend their days circulating in

blood vessels, WBCs….

routinely

leave blood

vessels to

perform their

defensive

functions in

body tissues

Site of

injury

blood capillary

Openstax: Fig. 18.10

2. Emigration of WBCs from blood capillaries:

A.

that attract

leukocytes

Emigration:Leukocytes squeeze between cells of the capillary wall & arrive to the site of injury & infection attracted by the chemical signals (positive chemotaxis)

blood capillary

B.


2. Emigration of WBCs from blood capillaries:C.

Neutrophil releases chemicals that break apart pathogens

Within the damage tissue monocytes differentiate into macrophages that phagocytize pathogens;Eosinophils and neutrophils are also capable of phagocytosis.


Five (5) Types of Leukocytes:

GranulocytesAgranulocytes

REVIEW

Have visible granules

in their cytoplasmNO visible granules

in their cytoplasm











Red Blood Cells

White Blood CellsPlatelets or

Thrombocytes

Martini: 19-6 Platelets – pg. 674

Openstax: Platelets, pg. 755

2. Is NOT a cell but a fragment of the

cytoplasm of a cell called megakaryocyte

A megakaryocyte splinters into

2,000 to 3,000 fragments

Red Bone marrow and Megakaryocytes Martini: 19-6 Platelets – pg. 674


3. Platelets are made and

released from:

A megakaryocyte splinters

into 2,000 to 3,000

fragments (platelets)

Red bone marrow

Thrombopoietin (a hormone

From kidneys and liver)

stimulates formation of platelets

Martini: 19-6 Platelets – pg. 674


3.

ALSO: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and

multi-CSF

stimulate platelet production by

promoting the formation and

growth of megakaryocytes

4. Platelets Count

150,000 – 500,000/µL

(second most abundant of formed

elements)

5. Platelet life-spam: 9-12 days in circulation

5a. Platelets are mainly removed in

the spleen by phagocytes

6. Platelet Functions:

A. Cause vasoconstriction (contraction) to

reduce the size of a broken blood vessel

B. Form platelet plugs to temporally seal

small breaks in injured blood vessels

C. Release chemicals to promote clotting

process

7. Disorders of Platelets

7a. Thrombocytopenia:

7b. Thrombocytosis:

An abnormally low platelet count

(80,000/ul or less)

-bleeding occurs

Normal Platelet count:

150,000 – 500,000/ul)

-Too many platelets

-In response to inflammation, cancer

-unwanted blood clots (thrombosis)

may form; can be fatal


Red Blood Cells

White Blood CellsPlatelets or

Thrombocytes










2. Has three phases:

A. Vascular phase

B. Platelet phase

C. Coagulation phase

Platelets are

involved

in all

three!

Martini: 19-7 Hemostasis – pg. 675

Openstax: 18.5 Hemostasis, pg. 757

1. Hemostasis means…

Stopping of bleeding

Hemostasis is effective in dealing with

small, simple wounds

2a. Vascular

Phaseknife blade

blood vessel injured:

Vascular spasm

triggers contraction

of the vessel wall

2a. Vascular Phase

2ai. immediate constriction of broken blood

vessels near injury

reducing blood lost

2aii. most

immediate protection

2aii.Endothelial cells

lining the inside of

vessel wall release

endothelin (promotes vascular spasm)


A. Vascular phase

B. Platelet phase


Platelets are

involved

in all

three!





2a. Platelet

Phase

Injured vessel

wall

platelet

aggregation

2bi. platelets adhere to injured blood vessel

& to other platelets forming a platelet plug

-Positive feedback

mechanism

2b. Platelet Phase

2bii. Platelet plug

releases chemicals

promoting vascular

spasm, clotting &

vessel repair

2biii. Platelet plug helps control blood lost

2b. Platelet Phase


A. Vascular phase

B. Platelet phase


Platelets are

involved

in all

three!





Fibrin

Fibrin

2ci. last but MOST effective hemostasis phase

2cii. Main goal of

coagulation phase: to

activate fibrinogen

into fibrin

Fibrin, a sticky protein

2c. Coagulation (blood clotting) Phase2ciii. Blood clot

forms as a

result of: a

series of

chemical

reactions at the

injured area that

activate clotting

factors leading

to formation of

fibrin

2civ. Clotting factors are secreted MAINLY by the

liver and activated platelets 2cv.

-The clotting

cascade

requires

___________

ions

calcium (Ca+2)

-The liver needs

Vitamin K to

synthesize

several clotting

factors

3. Clot retraction and Fibrinolysis

3a. Clot retraction (clot becomes more

compact)

3a. Fibrinolysis is…

-The gradual degradation of the blood clot

-occurs within 30 minutes

-platelets binding to fibrin contract & pull

edges of injured vessel wall closer

-Inactive plasma protein Plasminogen

becomes activate Plasmin:

digest fibrin and dissolves the clot

Hemostasis three phases:

1. Vascular phase

2. Platelet phase

3. Coagulation phase

Platelets are

involved

in all

three!



REVIEW

Failure of any of these phases will result in

hemorrhage – excessive bleeding










Martini: 19-4 Blood Typing, pg. 664

Openstax: 18.6 Blood Typing, pg. 762

1. Antigen: molecules on surface of cell

membranes; unique to the individual

-used to distinguish self from foreign

antigens; generate an immune

response

2. RBCs have at least 50 kinds of antigens

on their cell membrane

3. Three most important surface antigens

on the plasma membrane of RBCs are:



A, B, and Rh (also called D)

4. Your blood type is determined by:

The presence or absence of the

A, B, and Rh antigens on RBCs

5. Based on RBC surface antigens, there are

four blood types:



ABO

Blood Group

Can receive Type A & Type O blood Can receive Type B & Type O blood

Can receive Type A, B, AB, O blood

Universal Recipient

Can receive Type O blood only

Universal Donor

Agglutination:

Clumping of RBCs when

the wrong blood type is

transfused to a person:

It is dangerous; can be

fatal

Agglutination of

RBCs

Normal Blood



Blood type is determined by:

The presence or absence of the

A, B, and Rh antigens on RBCs

6. Rh positive (Rh+) indicates

The presence of the

Rh surface antigen

(Rh factor) on RBCs



6. Rh positive (Rh+) indicates

the presence of the Rh surface antigen

(Rh factor) on RBCs

6a. Absence of this antigen is indicated as

Rh negative (Rh-)

6b. When the complete blood type is recorded:

The term Rh is omitted and a

positive or negative sign is used.

For example: O- blood type

A+ blood type

READ: -Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn,

Martini pg. 668-669

Openstax pg. 764-765

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Chapter 19 Blood - Houston Community College

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