Chapter 19Chapter 19Food ResourcesFood Resources

Millions of children suffer from this disease…called Kwashiorkor, which is caused by a severe protein deficiency, leading to fluid retention and a characteristic swollen belly. (This photo was taken at Bonga Refugee Camp in Ethiopia in 2007)

Overview of Chapter 19Overview of Chapter 19 World Food SecurityWorld Food Security Food ProductionFood Production Challenges of Producing More Crops and Challenges of Producing More Crops and

LivestockLivestock Environmental Impact of AgricultureEnvironmental Impact of Agriculture Solutions to Agricultural ProblemsSolutions to Agricultural Problems Fisheries of the WorldFisheries of the World

World Food Security Food Insecurity is Prevalent in Less-developed

nations! According to the U.N. FAO (Food & Agriculture

Organization), close to 1 billion people lack access to the food needed for healthy, productive lives!

2 major diseases of undernutrition: Marasmus = the progressive emaciation caused by a

lack of protein and calories. Most common in the 1st year of life in developing nations

Kwashiorkor (“displaced child” in Ghana) = under-nutrition caused by protein deficiency in poor areas of most of the world

Symptoms include swollen belly, stunted growth, brittle hair, apathy, etc.

World Food SecurityWorld Food Security Feeding growing population is difficultFeeding growing population is difficult Annual grain production (left) has Annual grain production (left) has

increased since 1970increased since 1970 Grain per person has not (right)Grain per person has not (right)

World Food SecurityWorld Food Security FamineFamine

Temporary but severe shortage of food, Temporary but severe shortage of food, typically caused by crop failure, drought, typically caused by crop failure, drought, flood, war, or some other catastrophic event.flood, war, or some other catastrophic event.

Developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin Developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America are most at riskAmerica are most at risk

More people die from starvation due to More people die from starvation due to overall lack of adequate nutrition than from a overall lack of adequate nutrition than from a short-term famine episode.short-term famine episode.

World Food SecurityWorld Food Security Maintaining World Grain StocksMaintaining World Grain Stocks

Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other grains Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other grains remaining from previous harvestremaining from previous harvest

Provides measure of food securityProvides measure of food security Decreased each year since 1987Decreased each year since 1987 UN feels carryover stock should not fall below UN feels carryover stock should not fall below

70 days70 days

Decline in Grain Stock…causesDecline in Grain Stock…causes

Rising tempsRising temps Falling water tables Falling water tables

and droughtsand droughts Ethanol productionEthanol production More grain is going More grain is going

towards feeding towards feeding livestocklivestock

Increased meat Increased meat consumption in consumption in developing developing countriescountries

World Food SecurityWorld Food Security Economics and PoliticsEconomics and Politics

Cost money to store, produce, transport and Cost money to store, produce, transport and distribute food, and the places most in need distribute food, and the places most in need of food are the places that are least able to of food are the places that are least able to produce it (Asia, Africa, and Latin America)produce it (Asia, Africa, and Latin America)

Getting food to those who need it is politicalGetting food to those who need it is political Democratic countries are more likely to get food Democratic countries are more likely to get food

supplies to those who need it than totalitarian supplies to those who need it than totalitarian regimes are!regimes are!

Poverty and FoodPoverty and Food

1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot 1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot afford proper nutritionafford proper nutrition

More common inMore common in Rural than urban areasRural than urban areas Infants, children and the elderlyInfants, children and the elderly

Food ProductionFood Production

Animals as foodAnimals as food Constitute 40% of the calories consumed Constitute 40% of the calories consumed

in developed countriesin developed countries Only comprise 5% of calories consumed Only comprise 5% of calories consumed

in developing countriesin developing countries

Principle Types of AgriculturePrinciple Types of Agriculture Industrialized agricultureIndustrialized agriculture

Modern agriculture methods that require Modern agriculture methods that require large capital input, and less land and laborlarge capital input, and less land and labor

Subsistence AgricultureSubsistence Agriculture Traditional agricultural methods, which are Traditional agricultural methods, which are

dependent on labor and large amounts of dependent on labor and large amounts of landland

Shifting cultivation, Slash and burn Shifting cultivation, Slash and burn agriculture, Nomadic herding, Intercroppingagriculture, Nomadic herding, Intercropping

Industrialized Agriculture!

Domestication and Domestication and Genetic DiversityGenetic Diversity Domestication of Domestication of

crops and livestock crops and livestock causes a loss of causes a loss of genetic diversitygenetic diversity

Farmer selects and Farmer selects and propagates animals propagates animals with desirable with desirable agricultural agricultural characteristicscharacteristics

Challenges of Producing More Challenges of Producing More Crop and LivestockCrop and Livestock

Food Food production production increased in increased in developed developed countries countries (wheat (left)(wheat (left)

PesticidesPesticides Selective Selective

breedingbreeding

Challenges of Producing More Challenges of Producing More Crop and LivestockCrop and Livestock

Increasing Crop YieldIncreasing Crop Yield

Case-In-Point Green RevolutionCase-In-Point Green Revolution High Yielding Rice VarietiesHigh Yielding Rice Varieties

Challenges of Producing More Challenges of Producing More Crop and LivestockCrop and Livestock Increasing Livestock Yields….mostly Increasing Livestock Yields….mostly

dependent upon 2 inputs:dependent upon 2 inputs: Hormone supplementsHormone supplements

US and CanadaUS and Canada Not used in EuropeNot used in Europe

AntibioticsAntibiotics 40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in 40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in

livestock operationslivestock operations Problems with increased bacteria resistanceProblems with increased bacteria resistance

Antibiotic Use and ResistanceAntibiotic Use and Resistance

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

Manipulation of genes by taking specific Manipulation of genes by taking specific gene from a cell of one species and gene from a cell of one species and placing it into the cell of an unrelated placing it into the cell of an unrelated speciesspecies

Genetically Modified OrganismsGenetically Modified Organisms

Add beneficial characteristics to Add beneficial characteristics to cropscrops Additional nutritionAdditional nutrition Resistance to pestsResistance to pests Drought resistances (below)Drought resistances (below) Herbicides Herbicides

Genetically Modified OrganismsGenetically Modified Organisms

Safety in Genetic EngineeringSafety in Genetic Engineering Determined to be safe for human Determined to be safe for human

consumptionconsumption Concerns about GMO seed or pollen Concerns about GMO seed or pollen

spreading in wildspreading in wild Backlash against GMOsBacklash against GMOs GMOs are not currently labeledGMOs are not currently labeled

FDA finds it would be counterproductive and FDA finds it would be counterproductive and expensive to labelexpensive to label

Environmental Impacts of Environmental Impacts of AgricultureAgriculture

Solutions to Agricultural Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Sustainable Problems- Sustainable AgricultureAgriculture

Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture Examples:Examples:

Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of pesticidespesticides

Crop selectionCrop selection Crop rotation and conservation tillageCrop rotation and conservation tillage Supplying nitrogen with legumesSupplying nitrogen with legumes Organic agricultureOrganic agriculture

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Limited use of pesticides with sustainable Limited use of pesticides with sustainable

agriculture practicesagriculture practices

OverharvestingOverharvesting Many species are Many species are

at point of at point of severe depletionsevere depletion

62% of world’s 62% of world’s fish stock are in fish stock are in need of need of management management actionaction

Fisheries of the World - Fisheries of the World - ProblemsProblems No nation lays claim to open oceanNo nation lays claim to open ocean Resource susceptible to overuse and Resource susceptible to overuse and

degradationdegradation

Fisheries of the World - Fisheries of the World - ProblemsProblems OverharvestinOverharvestin

g (continued)g (continued) Sophisticated Sophisticated

fishing fishing equipmentequipment

Bycatch killed Bycatch killed offoff

Magnuson Magnuson Fisheries Fisheries Conservation Conservation ActAct

World Seafood HarvestWorld Seafood Harvest

Fisheries of the World - Fisheries of the World - ProblemsProblems Ocean Pollution - dumping groundOcean Pollution - dumping ground

OilOil Heavy metalsHeavy metals Deliberate litter dumpingDeliberate litter dumping Stormwater runoff from cities and Stormwater runoff from cities and

agricultural areasagricultural areas AquacultureAquaculture

Growing of aquatic organisms for human Growing of aquatic organisms for human consumptionconsumption

Great potential to supply foodGreat potential to supply food

Fisheries of the World - Fisheries of the World - ProblemsProblems Aquaculture (continued)Aquaculture (continued)

Locations of fisheries may hurt natural Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitatshabitats

Produce waste that pollutes adjacent Produce waste that pollutes adjacent waterwater