CHAPTER 2 BASIC CHEMISTRY

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE

Ezymatic action

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

THE 4 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE

3 ADDITIONAL MAJOR ELEMENTS

Figure 02.03: Formation of an ion

Chemical Bonding

Figure 02.04: Chemical bonding

Hydrogen bonds form between polar groups or molecules

• Polar molecules• Meaning and example in water

Figure 02.05: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules

Covalent bonds share electrons

2.3Water and pH

Figure 02.06: Solutes dissolve in water

ACID, BASE, AND SALT

Figure 02.09: Organic compounds in cells

2.4Major Organic Compounds of

Living Organisms

Functional groups define molecular behavior

• Major functional groups:

Hydroxyl (—OH) Methyl (---CH3)

Amino (—NH2) Sulfhydryl (—SH)

Carboxyl (—COOH) Phosphate (—OPO3-2)

Carbohydrates provide energy and building materials• Chemical structure and uses• Monosaccharides• Disaccharides• Polysaccharides• Importance in microorganisms

Structural Formulas for Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and a Polysaccharide

LIPIDS

• One glycerol plus 3 fatty acids covalently linked together will make one fat molecule.

STRUCTURE OF GLYCEROL AND ONE FATTY ACID

ONE FAT MOLECULECONSISTS OF ONE GLYCEROL

AND 3 FATTY ACIDS

Lipids store energy and are components of membranes

PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTUREa major component of plasma

membranes

Proteins are theworkhorses of cells

• Chemical components and combination of amino acids

• Peptide bond formation• Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

protein structure and examples

AMINO ACID STRUCTURE

Figure 02.16: Formation of a dipeptide by dehydration synthesis

Examples of Amino Acids

MORE AMINO ACIDS

Protein Folding

Nucleic acids

DNA and the RNA’s

The Molecular Structures of Nucleotide Components and the Construction of a DNA

DNA

STRUCTURE OF ATP