Chapter 2: Chemistry of Chapter 2: Chemistry of CellsCells

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds Carbon can form covalent bonds with Carbon can form covalent bonds with

many other atomsmany other atoms Organic compoundsOrganic compounds

Small, simple carbon compounds – Small, simple carbon compounds – monomersmonomers

Monomers form polymersMonomers form polymers Large polymers – macromoleculesLarge polymers – macromolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acidsacids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Carbohydrates provide Carbohydrates provide

energyenergy single sugars = single sugars = monosaccharidesmonosaccharides Ex: glucose, fructoseEx: glucose, fructose

DisaccharidesDisaccharides are double are double sugarssugars Sucrose (table sugar) = Sucrose (table sugar) =

glucose + fructoseglucose + fructose PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are are

chains of monosaccharides chains of monosaccharides - macromolecules- macromolecules Ex: StarchEx: Starch

Monosaccharide or disaccharide?

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Organisms use polysaccharides to Organisms use polysaccharides to store energystore energy Plants – starch, cellulosePlants – starch, cellulose Animals - glycogenAnimals - glycogen

LipidsLipids Lipids are nonpolar Lipids are nonpolar

molecules that are not molecules that are not soluble in watersoluble in water Phospholipids, steroids, Phospholipids, steroids,

fats, and waxesfats, and waxes Lipids are important to Lipids are important to

the structure and the structure and function of the cell function of the cell membranemembrane CholesterolCholesterol is a is a

component of the cell component of the cell membranemembrane

FatsFats Store energyStore energy StructureStructure

Three fatty acids Three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol bonded to a glycerol moleculemolecule

Fatty acids are long Fatty acids are long chains of carbonschains of carbons

Saturated fatsSaturated fats

Solid at room Solid at room temperaturetemperature

Most animal fats: Most animal fats: lard, butter, greaselard, butter, grease

+ =

YUM!!

Unsaturated FatsUnsaturated Fats Carbon atoms are Carbon atoms are

linked by a “double” linked by a “double” covalent bondcovalent bond Produces a kink Produces a kink

Liquid at room Liquid at room temperaturetemperature

Plant oils, some fish Plant oils, some fish oilsoils

ProteinProtein Amino acids are building Amino acids are building

blocks of proteinsblocks of proteins Different proteins Different proteins

contain different contain different functional groupsfunctional groups There are 20 different There are 20 different

amino acidsamino acids

ProteinsProteins

Proteins play various Proteins play various rolesroles Enzymes speed up Enzymes speed up

chemical reactionschemical reactions CatalystsCatalysts Ex: LactaseEx: Lactase

Collagen – found in skin, Collagen – found in skin, ligaments, tendons and ligaments, tendons and bonesbones

Collagen

Rubber man syndrome

ProteinsProteins

Blood clotting Blood clotting fibersfibers

AntibodiesAntibodies Help defend Help defend

against infectionagainst infection HemoglobinHemoglobin

Blood protein that Blood protein that carries oxygencarries oxygen

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids DNA – genetic informationDNA – genetic information RNA – carries DNA code to ribosomes to make proteinsRNA – carries DNA code to ribosomes to make proteins Both contain a sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous baseBoth contain a sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base ATP - delivers the energy whenever the energy is ATP - delivers the energy whenever the energy is

needed in the cellneeded in the cell

ATP – Adenosine ATP – Adenosine TriphosphateTriphosphate

ATP delivers the energy whenever ATP delivers the energy whenever the energy is needed in the cellthe energy is needed in the cell

ATP is a nucleotide with two extra ATP is a nucleotide with two extra phosphate groupsphosphate groups The bonds between the phosphate The bonds between the phosphate

groups are unstablegroups are unstable When the bond between the middle and When the bond between the middle and

outer phosphate group break energy is outer phosphate group break energy is releasedreleased