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Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
combine throughCHEMICAL BONDS
ATOMSATOMS
such asIONIC
andCOVALENT
formingCOMPOUNDS
withoutCARBON
areINORGANIC
withCARBON
areORGANICsuch as:
carbohydratescarbohydrates
lipidslipids
proteinsproteins
nucleic acidsnucleic acids
Classes of macromolecules:
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
found in cell walls of plants, external skeletons of insects
provide quick energy.
contain the elements C, H and O; they dissolve in water and are thus polar.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
include simple single sugars calledmonosaccharides, like glucose;
disaccharides like fructose and long chains of many sub-units (monomers) that are called polysaccharides.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
made of the elements C, H and O: they do not readily dissolve in water and are thus non-polar.
found as fats, waxes and oils
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
make up most of cell membranes, provide
long-term energy storage and are useful ‘chemical messengers’ (hormones) such as cholesterol and testosterone.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
often made of monomers called fatty acids,
which in turn are often bonded in groups of three to a glycerol molecule to form a
triglyceride.
glycerol 3 fatty acids
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
If the carbons in the chain are only surrounded by single bonds, we say they are saturated, since they are bound to as many hydrogens as possible!
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
If, on the other hand, more than one carbon has a double bond, we say that they are unsaturated.
Saturated fats (like butter) tend to pack more efficiently and are thus solid at room temperature, whereas unsaturated fats (like vegetable oils) tend to be liquid.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
are based on the elements C, H, O and N.
are formed from sub-units (monomers)
called amino acids.
are often very large and come in an almost unlimited number of different shapes, which allow proteins to have many different functions.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
There are at least twenty used by all living things
consist of an amine (NH2) group, acarboxylic acid (COOH) group, and
avariable ‘R’ group
amine groupamine group carboxylic acid groupcarboxylic acid group
variable ‘R’ groupvariable ‘R’ group
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
amine groupamine group carboxylic acid groupcarboxylic acid group
variable ‘R’ groupvariable ‘R’ group
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
are put together in a sequence, and it is the
order of these amino acids that determines the shape of the folded chain.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
composed of the elements C, H, O and N
store information in the nucleus
made of sub-units (monomers) callednucleotides
include DNA and RNA
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
• are divided into two groups: catabolism and anabolism
• catabolic reactions break down macromolecules into their smaller component parts, releasing energy and maintaining a pool of ‘building blocks’ ( monomers ), for . . .
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
• . . .anabolic reactions, which use the energy and the monomers to construct new macromolecules
• the sum total of all anabolic and catabolic reactions is an organism’s METABOLISM.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
the sum total of all anabolic and catabolic reactions is an organism’s METABOLISM.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
catabolismcatabolism anabolismanabolism
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
The sum total of allanabolic and catabolic reactions
is an organism’s METABOLISM.
The sum total of allanabolic and catabolic reactions
is an organism’s METABOLISM.
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Energy is STORED in a chemical bondformed by the
removal of water
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overview
Energy is RELEASED when the addition of
water breaks achemical bond
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Overviewv