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6/23/2015
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Understanding China
• The Middle Kingdom
• Name imparts idea of centrality
• Other countries were in
periphery
• The Qin (pronounced “chin”)
unified the country in 221
B.C.E.
• Chinese people named their
country after that dynasty
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• Another name for China is Cathay
• From an ethnic group Khitai, that occupied
northern China in the 11th century
• Marco Polo, Venetian traveler (1254-1325)
wrote about Cathay
• Chinese people call themselves Han, after
the Han dynasty, which succeeded the Qin
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Red represents RevolutionStars symbolize 4 social classes: working class, peasantry, urban petty bourgeoisie, and
the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) united under the Communist Party of China
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Conflicts in U.S.-China Relations
• Enormous bilateral trade deficit (export to
USA 17.2%; import 7.1% 2012)
• Value of China’s currency (6.3 yuan per US
dollar 2014)
• Protections for US intellectual property
• Conflicts of human rights
• Naval altercations
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• Diversity, Contrasting parts, Duality
Major Features of the geography and physical environment of China
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• Diversity, Contrasting parts, Duality
• Key areas are lowland: densely populated.
1.Yellow River (Huang He): North China Plain
2.Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
3.Xi Jiang
Major Features of the geography and physical environment of China
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Yellow River (Huang He)
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Yellow River (Huang He)
Yellow River (Huang He)
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Wuhan, city on the Yangtze River
Yangtze Plain near Wuhan
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Yangtze River at Wuhan
Shanghai
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Southern China
• Diversity, Contrasting parts, Duality
• Key areas are lowland: densely populated.
1.Yellow River (Huang He): North China Plain
2.Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
3.Xi Jiang
- Upland Areas: thinly populated
Major Features of the geography and physical environment of China
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Yunan
Tibet
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Tibet
Tibet
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Major Features of the geography and physical environment of China• Diversity, Contrasting parts, Duality
• Key areas are lowland: densely populated.
1.Yellow River (Huang He): North China Plain
2.Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
3.Xi Jiang
- Upland Areas: thinly populated
- Interior
High desert of Tibetan plateau
Sand/gravel desert of basins
>> Limited Arable land; Dry/Mountainous Areas
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Yellow
Yangtze
Pearl
Tibet
Gobi DesertTarim Basin
Takla Makan Desert
SichuanBasin
Loess Plateau
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When and where did the Chinese state develop?
• Developed in the
Yellow River Basin
1700-1100 B.C.,
cultural core of China
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• Developed in the Yellow River Basin
1700-1100 B.C. Cultural Core of China
• C(Z)hou, hunting people, settled as permanent
farmers on the loess soil of Shensi.
• Established walled cities, wet-field rice, ox-drawn
plow, formal style of writing
When and where did the Chinese state develop?
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•Chou expanded the state through conquest and
colonization; Chou dynasty 1100-256B.C., Qin, Han
dynasty 202 B.C. –220 A.D.
– China expanded:
– West across Central Asia
– North, Manchuria of Korea
– South, Beyond the Alluvial plain of Yangtze into
– the Hill Country of Southern China
•Floods/Drought in North
How did China evolve from the cultural core in the North China Plain?
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Great Wall, 1500 miles long along
southern edge of Mongolian Plain
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•Lure of New Lands in the South
•Colonization spread a network of walled
– Cities called hsien or county capitals throughout the
valleys of China
– Hsien – Administrative/Economic Center
How did China evolve from the cultural core in the North China Plain?
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•Han agriculture was productive
–China’s population grew 60 million 1240;
–150 million in 1600;
–430 million in 1850
•Population pressure pushed farmers into increasing
limited environments. Forests cleared.
•Twin problems: (a) population, (b) environmental
pressure underlies the course of Chinese political
history
•25 times in 2000 years dynasties have fallen, leaving
new rulers to cope with environmental and social
problems caused by floods and drought.
5 Phases
• Social Discontent
• New Dynasty and Pacification
• Reconstruction
• Dynastic heyday
• Dynastic decline
Cycles of Dynastic Change
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Teachings of Confucius (551-479 BC)
• Mandate given to the Emperor by Heaven to be
Universal Monarch
• Emperor must conform to Will of Heaven through
good government and moral conduct
• Harmony in the country will be evidence of good
government and moral conduct
• Flood, drought, famine, disorder – signs that
Emperor was failing to conform to Heaven’s Will,
and justified his replacement by a new dynasty.
What ideas form the basis of traditional Chinese society?
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1. Emperor, at the apex, personally responsible for
well-being of the country.
2. Imperial Bureaucracy. Scholar-Officials
administered network of hsiens; collected taxes,
police force, law courts. Recruited through
exams.
3. Peasant at base. Lived in self-sufficient group
of villages.
Organization of the Traditional Society
Manchu (Qing) Dynasty 1644-1911
What was the last dynasty to rule China?
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Qing
Qin?
1.Peasant Unrest
2.Western Intervention: 1715 European traders had
established trading post at Canton (Guangzhou)
What were the reasons for the fall of Manchu dynasty?
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• Britain grew opium in its colony in India and
shipped opium for sale in China.
• Chinese Emperor banned opium trade.
• Britain declared war on China 1840
Opium Trade
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Treaty of Nanking 1842
• Treaty Ports: Cities where foreigners could
reside and trade under their own
government laws, beyond Chinese control
• Extraterritoriality (exemption from local
law)
• Hong Kong was ceded to Britain (Reverted
to China in 1997)
What was the result of the Opium War?
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Shanghai in January
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• Stung by defeats
• Antagonized by missionary activities
• Resentful of European/American concessions for railroads, mineral
rights
• Anti-Western and anti-Manchu secret societies emerged. "Boxers" laid
seize of the Foreign legation in Peking (Beijing) for 55 days in 1900.
• Seven nation expeditionary force defeated Boxers, stripped the
Manchu dynasty of effective power and demanded reparations.
Empress Tzu-hsi (1835-1908) was the last ruler of the Manchu dynasty.
Her grandson Pu-yi ruled for 4 years until the revolution of 1911. Pu-yi
died in 1967. In 1911 an accidental uprising overthrew Manchu
dynasty. Sun Yat-sen
What happened to China in the 19th century?
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1911-49: Civil War
Conflict between Nationalists (Chiang Kai Shek) and
Communists (Mao Zedong 1893-1976) Mao led a
peasant revolution and defeated the Nationalist
forces which fled to Taiwan and established Republic
of China (ROC)
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1. Land Reforms, communes 1949-65
2. Cultural Revolution launched by Mao 1966-76 to prevent
return of capitalism. Raised "Red Guards" to attack old
ways of thinking, working, acting. Root out those on the
capitalist road
3. Economic reforms 1977-78 to 1989 by Deng X'iaoping.
4. 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre. Demand for
democracy, end of corruption, nepotism
5. Rapid Economic Growth 1990-2014 Foreign Investment,
human Rights. Dissidents: Liu Xiaobo received Nobel
Peace Prize in 2010 in jail
6. Trade Conflict
major phases in the transformation of China since 1949
• Chinese economy relies heavily on exports
to the US, while the American economy is
much less dependent on exports in other
direction.
• Trade frictions could cause multinationals
to rethink their heavy reliance on Chinese
factories in their supply chains.
Trade Conflict
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• Communist Party, dictates policy (63 million members)
– Xi Jinping, General Secretary and President of China, Since
March 2013
– Party Committees in Provinces,
– Autonomous Regions and Municipalities select Central
Committee (175 members) at the Party Congress.
– Central Committee selects the Members of the Politburo (18
members). General Secretary chairs the Politburo.
• State, executes policy. Ministries.
– Li Keqiang, Prime Minister, Since March 2013
• Military, party controls the military
– Xi Jinping, Head of Central Military Commission.
– People’s Liberation Army, 4 million in uniform.
How is current China’s political system organized?
(1) Limitation of arable land
• Most productive land in East
• 11.62% arable land (2013)
• 0.13 hectare of farm land per capita
• Loss of farm land to non-farm use: 670
thousand ha each year for urban, industry,
commerce etc.)
Agriculture and Food Supply
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(2) Environmental Difficulties – Current Issues
•Soil erosion, desertification, water shortages in
north.
•Loss of one-fifth of farm land since 1949 to soil
erosion, economic development, desertification
•Water pollution from untreated wastes
•Air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide
particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid
rain.
•China is the world’s largest single emitter of
carbon dioxide from burning of fossil fuels.
• Rural Incomes have fallen behind
• Taxes/Charges
• Local governments run out of money to pay
farmers for grains. Use funds to attract foreign
investment
• Villagers migrating to towns
• Suicides (self-immolations), represent outrage
that many farmers feel when their land is
taken away
China's 900 million farmers are unhappy? Why?
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Farmers Picking Death Over Eviction in Ultimate Protest
New Wave of Urbanization
• Violent struggle between a powerful state
and stubborn farmers
• Tensions are in rural areas on the outskirts
of big cities where farmers are being thrown
off the land for development
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Urbanization and Level of Income
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Old Buildings under high-rises marked for demolition in Chongqing
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China’s Migrant Workers
• 262 million migrant workers
• Four-fifths of migrant worker are parents,
about 157 million mothers and fathers, are
separated from their children
• Migrants often work 12-hour days 6 days a
week; their children live with grandparents
• Restrictive residency system called hukou
Hokou• Without residency cards, migrant’s children
can’t attend city schools unless they pay
exorbitant fees as much as 4,000 yuan per
semester
• Fees in their hometown for textbook, meal,
and other expenses come to 600 yuan
($100)
• 61 million children and teenagers growing
up separated from parents are dubbed “left
behind children.” Drop out rate high
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Migrants in China
• Laborers from rural China have streamed to
eastern cities to work in factories,
construction industry, clean and cook for
others, and do all kinds of work which
prosperous city dwellers shun.
• Face widespread discrimination, deprived of
access to public education for migrant’s
children
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Agricultural production has stagnated
• 435 million tons- grain production
• Production of rice, corn and wheat dropped to
about 401 million tons in 2013, down 18 percent
from the record 486 million tons in 1986.
• China consumes 40 million more tons of grain
than it produces.
Decline of Grain Production
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• Loss of farmland. Since 2002, China lost more than 13,500 square
miles of farmland. Each year more than 2% of farmland is lost.
• Urban encroachment on farmland
• Illegal seizures of farmland for golf course development, and
industrial parks to lure factories. In 2003, the Ministry of Land
and Natural Resources found 178,000 cases of illegal land seizure
• Farmers convert fields to more lucrative cash crops, and
greenhouses to grow eggplants, lettuce and other vegetables.
• Farmers leaving for better-paying factory jobs.
• More acreage is being converted to grazing for the fast increase in
livestock.
Why grain production is declining?
Bring more land under farming?
How can China increase food
supply?
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• Water shortage; little land left to reclaim
for agriculture
• Increase productivity of land under
• Cultivation; increase yields; Multiple
cropping; intercropping.
What factors restrict expansion of farm land?
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Pre-1949
High birth and Death rates; Low rate of growth
1950-74
Decline in death rate High birth rate; High Growth
Mid1970s-Present
Decline in birthrate; death rate remains low
Reduced rate of growth
Demographic Transition
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1. Monthly subsidies
2. Higher retirement pensions
3. Greater allocation of land
4. Lower grain taxes
5. Easier access to good schools
One-Child Policy
How are couples persuaded to adopt one-child policy?
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Preference for son in traditional society
Why do people try to break
the policy?
1.Efficient monitoring system
– List of child-bearing age women
– Require them to undergo check-ups
every 3-months
– abort if found pregnant in case woman
has a child already
2.Sterilization of couples
How is one-child policy
implemented?
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Success in urban areas?
Rural areas ?
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1. Women emotionally disturbed when pressured
to abort
2. Ruined marriages
3. Leads to murder, abandonment, bribery, battles
between daughter-in-law/mother-in-law
4. No uncles, aunts, sister
5. 4-2-1 syndrome
6. Shortage of girls of marriageable age
What are the social consequences
of one-child policy?
China’s coal mining industry
• Deadliest in the world, 4,000 miners killed
in accidents each year
• Illegal coal mines
• A Chinese journalist (Lan Chengzhang)
investigating coal mining conditions was
attacked and killed in Shanxi Province
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• Industrial production under the control and
orders of the bureaucracy
• Output important rather than profit; operate
at loss
• Social welfare of the employees more
important than efficiency
• In heavy debt
• How can the SOEs be reformed?
SOEs (State Owned Enterprises)
• Controlled by units of local governments,
townships or villages
• Joint ventures with foreign companies
• Managers answer to local officials who have
invested in them.
• Profits and dividends
TVEs(Township and Village Enterprises)
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a) tilted towards development
b) policy of inefficient use of resources - water
and coal - result in waste and shortage. Heavily
subsidized
c) National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA)
strengthened in 1989 Enforcement is weak
d) Solid hazardous waste not regulated
What is China's environmental policy?
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Farmer worked on land in the shadows of lead factory in Hengyang, Hunan Province
Hunan Province
• Hunan’s abundance of raw metals has pushed
provincial Communist Party leaders to develop
mining and smelting
• Heavy metals seep into Hunan’s crops, cadmium –
linked to organ failure, cancer
• Cadmium accumulates in rice, and also into
animals’ meat, since husks are fed to farm animals
• High rates of cancer from cluster of villages
• Eight million acres of China’s farmland has
become polluted for planting crops
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Pool of water behind a lead factory in Hengyang city, where pollution is high
Air pollution; Yellow dust
• Powerful global winds called westerlies
carry pollutants from China across the
Pacific
• Dust, ozone and carbon accumulate in
valleys and basins in California, reported by
Steven J. Davis, UC, Irvine
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Forbidden City in Beijing
Disease Surveillance Points
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a) Burning of coal increasing carbon
emission
What are the impacts of rapid development in China?
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a) Burning of coal increasing carbon
emission
b) Farmland conversion reducing cropland
c) Land Degradation:desertification, soil
erosion, wetlands reclamation
What are the impacts of rapid development in China?
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a) Burning of coal increasing carbon
emission
b) Farmland conversion reducing cropland
c) Land Degradation:desertification, soil
erosion, wetlands reclamation
d) Environmental pollution. Water/Air
e) Corruption/Worker's abuse
What are the impacts of rapid development in China?
Civil, political and economic rights of
individual; freedom of speech, press, religion,
movement, political choice
• China rejects the concept of universal human
rights
• Tightened ideological control
• Citizens detained for counter revolutionary
crimes
• Control of religion
• Prison camps (Laogai)
Human Rights
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• Chinese influence in Tibet ended with the 1911 uprising against
China.
• From 1911 until 1950 Tibet enjoyed full independence.
• In 1950 People's Liberation Army invaded Tibet and took control
of the country
• China began socialist transformation of Tibet. Replacing Buddhist
spiritual values and customs with Mao and Marxism.
• Among Tibetans, general discontent and resistance to socialist
change led to the 1956 guerrilla activities against the Chinese rule.
• In 1959 Tibetan uprising in Lhasa. It was quickly suppressed by
the Chinese military force.
• Fearing imprisonment, the Dalai Lama, spiritual ruler of Tibet, and
other leaders fled Tibet. Established Tibetan Government in Exile
in India.
TIBET
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• Agriculture organized into commune system;
traditional barley crop was replaced with wheat.
• Religion was suppressed
• During the Cultural Revolution (1966-75) many
monasteries and temples were destroyed.
• After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, a
program was initiated to repair some of the
damaged temples.
1959-1963. Accelerated pace
of socialist transformation
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• Surviving monasteries and temples were
reopened.
• Monks were allowed to return as
caretakers.
• Monasteries are no longer allowed to
function as economic and educational
institutions.
• Police presence is heavy in temples.
• Forced political education of monks.
The 1980s and 1990s in Tibet
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• China is changing Tibet by flooding the place with Han
migrants.
• Chinese migrants now dominate major portions of Tibet's
economy.
• Chinese bureaucrats, as well as soldiers and police, are stifling
Tibet's religious and cultural life.
• Ambitious Chinese development plan, while succeeding in
raising Tibet's standard of living, is at the same time
transforming its culture and landscape.
• Sterile modern architecture is replacing traditional Tibetan
buildings. Main cities of Tibet are coming to resemble
provincial Chinese towns.
China has sought to modernize Tibet in the hope that
rising prosperity, eventually, will be enough to win
grudging acceptance of Chinese rule. But Tibetans bristle
under Chinese masters.
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• Autonomous Region
• Uighurs Islamic Minority
• 200 people killed in ethnic violence
between Han Chinese and Uighurs
Xinjiang
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•Xinjiang is China's largest province, accounting for one-
sixth of the country's land and much of its valuable
natural resources, most notably oil.
•For centuries, the area was ruled by various Khans
(Muslim rulers). In 1933, Eastern Turkestan Islamic
Republic was declared in Kashgar, Xinjiang. In 1950
China occupied the territory.
•Uighurs separatist movement. China, in harsh
crackdown, has executed Muslim separatists.
•Repression has deepened Uighur resentment of the
Chinese.
Autonomy is largely symbolic because all major policy decisions
are made by the Communist Party and almost all of the region's
senior party posts are held by ethnic Chinese.
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What are the reasons for the economic success of
Hong Kong?
• 1950s low cost wages manufacturing
• 1980s prosperity built on economic links with China.
• Financial and business services are important now,
factories have moved to lower wages in Guangdong
In1997 Hong Kong, a British Crown Colony since
1842, reverted to China.
Hong Kong
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Terms of transfer
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• Divided by a gap established by history, culture and society.
• Gap is evident in their cities, their cultures, their businesses,
and the fundamentally distinct feeling of both places.
• China's appeals for unification with Taiwan based on race,
history and national identity - which have some resonance
among overseas Chinese - fail to move Taiwan's 23 million
people.
• In Taiwan, most of the people identify themselves as
Taiwanese, not Chinese. Unless China begins to embrace
political reforms, Taiwan will continue to move further
away.
China and Taiwan
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