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CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY II
CHAPTER 2
PRELIMINARY WORKS
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Preliminary works- Site works that are
preparatoryand subsidiaryin nature, carried outbefore the actual construction work is executed
Site Preparation
Site clearance
Earthwork
Site surveying Demolition
Temporary Facilities
Site office
Accommodation, toilet & sanitary
Storage
Security
Laboratory
Services
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2.1 Site Preparation
Site clearanceHas to be donebeforethe
construction, clearing undergrowth, bushes,grubbing up & removal of tree roots
Earthwork
Work below grounde.g. foundation
The top layerof the soil is an unsuitablematerial
Shall be removedandbackfilled
Earth drain construction, construction of accessroad, levelling of the ground to the required
platform level
Site surveyingDetermine theboundaryof the siteand levelling for building, drainage, road, services
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2.1 Site Preparation (Contd)
Demolition
If there is any existing structureto be demolished
Taking downpartial demolition of a structure &normally to be carried out using hand tools
Requires a good comprehensive knowledgeofbuilding
constructionand design, so that load bearing structurescan be identified & supported by struts, props, shoring
Demolitioncomplete removal of a structure
A detailed surveyand examinationof the structure
should be made The condition of the adjoining propertieswhich may be
affectedby the demolitionshould be considered
Flammablematerials are removedbefore the demolition
works commences
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2.2 Temporary Facilities
Site Office
Timber huts
Wall - waterproofing plywood nailed onto sawn
hardwood timber as stud (vertical) & noggings
Rooflightweight material (zinc or metal sheeting) Normally for a shortconstruction period
Mobile cabin or container
Available in a wide variety of sizes& styles& fully
equipped Convenient for transportationby using trailer
Is durable& allow for re-useon other sites for many
years
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2.2 Temporary Facilities (Contd) Accommodation, toilet and sanitary fittings
Site personnelwho are stationed on site
Foreign laboursthroughout the entire construction periods
Storage
Types of storage facilities depends on durability,vulnerability to damage & vulnerability to theft
Ironmongery, hand toolsandpaint to be kept in lock hut
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Cement,plasterand limein
begrequire a drystore
Aggregatessuch as sandand
gravelrequire a clean firm base
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Bricksandblocksshould be
stackedin stable piles on a level
& well-drainedsurface
Roof tileshave a greater
resistanceto load when it is
imposed on the edge
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Timberis a hygroscopic
material and therefore to
prevent undue moisturemovement
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2.2 Temporary Facilities (Contd)
Security
Spotlight, hoarding, fencingand guardhouse
Artificial lighting
Reduces the risk of accident and injury
Increases the production hour on site, allowwork to proceed at night
Deliveries and collection of materials or plantcan be made outside normal site working hours
Improve the general security on site
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2.2 Temporary Facilities (Contd)
Laboratory
A place for testingof the materialon site
Eg, cube test for concrete, tensile test for steel
Which is essential under certain government
projectsof infrastructureworks Services
Waterconcreting, plastering and painting
Electricityto provide the power to drive small
and large items of plant, provide lighting Electricityportable self-powered generators &
metered supply from the local area electricityboard
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2.2 Temporary Facilities (Contd)
Fencing Fencing is used to define the limit of the site or
compoundand toprevent theft and vandalism
A fencecan be constructed to provide aphysicalbarrier of solid construction or visual barrier of
open work construction Type of fencing depends on the degree of security,
cost implication, type of neighbourhood, durationof contract
A security fence around the site or compoundshould be at least 1.8m high above the ground
It should include the minimum number of accesspoints which should have a lockable barrieror gate
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2.2 Temporary Facilities (Contd)
Hoarding
Hoarding is close boarded fenceserected
adjacent to a highwayorpublic footpath
It can prevent unauthorised personobtaining
accessto the site It provides a degree ofprotectionfor thepublic
from the dustand noiseassociated with the
construction works
There are two forms of hoardings in common
use; vertical hoardingand fan hoarding
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2.2 Temporary Facilities (Contd)
Vertical hoarding
Consists of a series of closed boarded panels
securely fixed to resist wind loads & accidental
impact loads
Can be free standing or fixed by stays toexternal walls of existing structures
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2.2 Temporary Facilities (Contd)
Fan hoarding
Is placed at a level above normal traffic height
Arranged in a manner that any falling debris is
directed back towards the site
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