Chapter 2

Data Manipulation

Before we start

• About the Lab Project.– BASIC Programming:

• Requirement file on the web site.• Due date is posted.• Save your file as PRO3.BAS and mail

me with the attachment.

Chapter Overview

• This chapter introduces the activities of a computer’s CPU.

• It describes the machine cycle executed by the control unit and the various operations performed by a typical arithmetic/logic unit.

• The concept of a machine language is presented in terms of the simple machine language, which is in Appendix C of the text.

Chapter Overview

• The machine language in Appendix C involves only direct and immediate addressing. However, indirect addressing is introduced in the last section of Chapter 8 after the pointer concept has been presented in the context of data structures.

Chapter 2.1

Computer Architecture

What's Computer Architecture?

• Computer Architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.

• Computer architecture is not about using computers to design buildings.

Computer Architecture

• Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor– Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)– Control Unit– Registers– Cache Memory

• Bus

• Motherboard

CPU

• Central Processing Unit.

• It is the circuit in a computer that performs operations, such as addition and subtraction on data.

History of computing hardware

• First mechanical calculators – In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the

first mechanical calculator and thus became the father of the computing era.

History of computing hardware

• Punched card technology – In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard

developed a loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by punched cards. The series of cards could be changed without changing the mechanical design of the loom. This was a landmark point in programmability.

– In 1833, Charles Babbage moved on from developing his difference engine to developing a more complete design, the analytical engine which would draw directly on Jacquard's punch cards for its programming.

History of computing hardware

• Punched card technology– In 1890 the United States Census Bureau

used punch cards and sorting machines designed by Herman Hollerith to handle the flood of data from the decennial census mandated by the Constitution. Hollerith's company eventually became the core of IBM. IBM developed punch card technology into a powerful tool for business data processing and produced an extensive line of specialized unit record equipment. By 1950 the IBM card had become ubiquitous in industry and government. The warning printed on most cards, "Do not fold, staple or mutilate," became a motto for the post-World War II era.

Histories

• Second generation -- late 1950s and early 1960s – The next major step in the history of

computing was the invention of the transistor in 1947. This replaced the fragile and power hungry valves with a much smaller and more reliable component. Transistorized computers are normally referred to as 'Second Generation' and dominated the late 1950s and early 1960s. By using transistors and printed circuits a significant decrease in size and power consumption was achieved, along with an increase in reliability.

Histories

• Vacuum tube circuits and drum memory – For example, the vacuum tube based IBM 650 of

1954 weighed over 900 kg, the attached power supply weighed around 1350 kg and both were held in separate cabinets of roughly 1.5 meters by 0.9 meters by 1.8 meters. It cost $500,000 or could be leased for $3,500 a month. (Its drum memory was originally only 2000 ten-digit words, and required arcane programming for efficient computing. This type of hardware limitation was to dominate programming for decades afterward, until the evolution of a programming model which was more sympathetic to software development.) By contrast, the transistorized IBM 1620, which replaced the 650, was the size of an office desk. Second generation computers were still expensive and were primarily used by universities, governments, and large corporations.

CPU

• IBM 603 vacuum tube multiplier. Similar units were included as part of early electronic computers

CPU

• How they look like now?

• The following picture is AMD Athlon™ 64 processor.

AMD

CPU

• CPU from Intel

CPU in Apple Macintosh

• The changes of Apple Computers

• http://www.apple-history.com

CPU in Apple Mac

• “Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006”

CPU

• A CPU consists of two parts– Arithmetic/logic unit

• It contains the circuitry that performs data manipulation

– Control unit• Contains the circuitry for coordinating

the machine’s activities.

CPU

• Registers

• For temporary storage of information purpose.

• It is similar to main memory cells.

• The registers can be classified as either:– General-purpose registers– Special-purpose registers

CPU

• General-purpose registers– It serves as temporary holding

places for data being manipulated by the CPU.

CPU

– These registers hold the inputs to the arithmetic/logic unit’s circuitry and provide storage space for results produced by that unit.

CPU

• Here’s a diagram showing the levels in a typical memory hierarchy. Moving farther away from the CPU, the memory in the level becomes larger and slower .

CPU

• Special-purpose registers– instruction register – Program counter

• Will discuss them in Chapter 2.3

BUS

• For the purpose of transferring bit patterns, a machine’s CPU and main memory are connected by a collection of wires called a bus.

Stored program concept

• A program is just a special type of data.– A program can be stored in main

memory.

• One general-purpose machine can run many different programs.

Adding values stored in memory

Adding values stored in memory

Reference

• http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~prabhu/Tutorial/CACHE/mem_title.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware

• http://williamstallings.com/COA5e.html