Chapter 2 F3

Exit ForwardBM Version

Chapter 2 : Blood Circulation and

Transportation2.1 Transports System in Humans Structure of heart Function of the heart Blood vessels and their functions Comparison between arteries, veins and capillari

es Path of blood flow in the circulatory system2.2 Human Blood Blood constituents and their function Blood group and compatibility2.3 Transport System in Plants Transport tissues in plantsTransport tissues in plants The transportation of water through xylem

Menu Exit ForwardPreviousBM Version

Chapter 2 : Blood Circulation and Transportation

The transportation of food through phloem

Transpiration Factors that affect the rate of transpiratio

n Role of transpiration in transport


2.1 Transport System in HumansStructure of the heart

AortaFrom headand body

To head and body

Vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspidvalve

Right ventricle Septum

Left ventricle

Bicuspid valve

Left atriumPulmonary vein

From lungs

To lungs Pulmonary arterySemilunar

valve


2.1 Transport System in HumansFunctions of the heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the whole body Deoxygenated blood from the whole body flows back to the right

atrium via the vena cava. It then, sends blood to the right ventricle and the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs to picks up oxygen

Oxygenated blood flows to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Then, it is pumped out from the heart into the aorta which distributes blood to various parts of the body

Responsible for distributing oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other waste products


2.1 Transport System in H Humans

Blood vessels and their function

Artery

Vein

Blood capillary

Bloodenters

Bloodflows out

(a)Capillary joins artery and vein

Direction ofblood flow

Valve close to prevent backflow

of blood

Valve opens

(b) Action of semilunar valve at the wall of the vein


2.1 Transport System in HumansComparison between arteries, veins and capillaries

Very lowLow HighBlood pressureVery smallBigSmallSize of lumen

(diameter)

Very thin and only one cell thick

Thin, less elastic, less muscular

Thick, muscular, elastic

Thickness of wall

Appearance

CapillariesCapillariesVeinsVeinsArteriesArteriesCharacterisitcsCharacterisitcsConnective tissue

SmoothmuscleLumen

Endothelium tissue

Connective tissueSmoothmuscleLumen

Endothelium tissue

Lumen

Endothelium tissue

Menu Exit ForwardPreviousContinue BM Version

2.1 Transport System in Humans

Connect the arteries and the veins

Transport blood from the body tissues to the heart

Transport blood from the heart to the body tissues

Function

Very slowSlowFastRate of blood flow

Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein

Oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery

Type of blood transported

NoYesNoPresence of valve

CapillariesCapillariesVeinsVeinsArteriesArteriesCharacterisitcsCharacterisitcs


2.1 Transport System in HumansPath of blood flow in the circulatory system

Head and neck

Hands

Lungs

Liver

Stomach andintestine

Kidneys

Legs

Pulmonaryartery

AortaVena cava

Pulmonaryvein

Heart

Artery

Heart

Vein

Deoxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood


The human blood circulatory system is divided into

* Pulmonary circulation : Deoxygenated blood returning from the organs and tissues of the body travels from the right ventricle to the left atrium * Systemic circulation : Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all tissues in the body except lungs and return deoxygenated blood which carries waste products back to the heart

2.1 Transport System in Humans


2.2 Human Blood

Blood is a vital fluid tissue made up of liquids and solidsThe liquid component of blood is called plasma, which is light yellow in colourThe solid component consists of blood cells, namely red blood cells, white blood cells and plateletsPlasma and blood cells in blood can be separated from a blood sample by using a centrifuge

Blood constituents and their functions


2.2 Human Blood

NoYesNoNoPresence of nucleus

Bone narrowBone narrow and lymph nodeBone narrowPlace of

production

2 – 3 m10 m8 mEstimated size

Shape

PlateletsPlateletsWhite blood White blood cellscells

Red blood Red blood cellscellsCharacteristicsCharacteristics

Biconcave disc No fixed shapeCytoplasmic fragment of cells that has no fixed shape

Continue Menu Exit ForwardPreviousBM Version

2.2 Human Blood

About 200 000 to 400 000

About 7 millions

About 5 millions

Number per cubic millimeter (mm3)

Help in blood clotting

Defence and immunity

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Function

NoNoYesPresence of haemoglobin

8 – 10 daysA few days to many months120 daysLife span

PlateletsPlateletsWhite blood White blood cellscells

Red blood Red blood cellscellsCharacteristicsCharacteristics


2.2 Human Blood

The human blood is divided into four groups namely group A, B, O and ABPeople with blood type O are called universal donors because they can donate blood to any blood group. They can receive blood from group O onlyPeople with blood type AB are called universal recipients because they can receive blood from any blood group. They can donate to group AB onlyTransfusion is a process of blood transfer from a donor to a recipientAgglutination will occur when the blood of two incompatible groups are mixed together

Blood group and compatibility


2.2 Human Blood

////AB

/O

//B

//A

ABOBARecipient’s blood

type

Compability of different blood groups

Menu Exit ForwardPrevious

Donor’s blood type

BM Version

2.3 Transport System in PlantsTransport tissues in plants

Transports the product of photosynthesis (glucose) from the leaf to the rest of the plant for consumption or storage

Gives support to plant with its thick and strong wall Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant

Functions

A soft living tissue Rich with protoplasm

A long hollow tissue strengthened by fibre Does not contain protoplasm

Features

PhloemXylem


2.3 Transport System in Plants2.3 Transport System in Plants

Root

Leaf

Stem

Dicotyledonous plantMonocotyledonous plant

Xylem

Phloem

Xylem

Phloem

Xylem

PhloemEpidermis

Xylem

Phloem

Cortex

Epidermis

Xylem

Phloem

Epidermis

Hair rootXylem

Phloem Cortex

Hair root

EpidermisEndodermis


2.3 Transport System in Plants2.3 Transport System in PlantsThe transportation of water through xylem

Red-colouredsolution

Red-colouredpart

Red-colouredpart

Cross section of a stem

Cross section of a rootBalsam plant


Procedures A balsam plant is immersed into a beaker filled with a red-

coloured solution. The plant is then exposed to sunlight After one day, the epidermis of the stem and leaf is observed A thin slice of the root and stem is cut and observed under a

microscopeObservation Some red bands are found at the veins of the leaf and some

part of the stem and root From the cross section of the stem, it is observed that xylem

tissues arranged in rings in each vascular bundle are coloured red

Conclusion Those red bands are xylem tissues which transport water from

the root to the stem and leaves



2.3 Transport System in Plants2.3 Transport System in PlantsThe transportation of food through phloem

Swelling is due toaccumulation of product ofphotosynthesis (food)

Shrinking

After few weeks

Firstday


Procedures The phloem tissues of a plant is removed by making a ring at

the bark of its stem The plant is left under sunlight and watered everyday The plant is left for few weeks

Observation The bark above the ring swells The bark below the ring shrivels Leaves on the upper part of the ring do not wilt

Inference The bark above the ring swells because the food (glucose)

cannot be transported to the lower portion without phloem tissue


Continue Menu Exit ForwardPreviousBM Version

The bark below the ring shrivels because the food has been used up

Leaves of the plant do not wilt because water and mineral salts can still be transported up through the xylem tissues

Conclusion Phloems tissues transport food (glucose) from the leaf to other

parts of the plant



2.3 Transport System in Plants2.3 Transport System in PlantsTranspiration

Transpiration is the evaporation process where plants lose excessive water to the atmosphere in the form of water vapour

The excess water will be removed through the stomata which can be found on both surfaces on the leaf

Stomata consist of : * Stoma : The pore where water vapour is expelled out of the plant * Guard cell : Two kidney-shaped cells that contain chloroplasts Control the pore size of the stoma The stoma is smaller during hot days and bigger during cold

days The opening of the stoma also allows exchange of gas



Stomata on leafsurface

Guard cell

Stoma

Hot day

Stoma is smaller

Cold day

Stoma is bigger



Light

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Temperature

Relative humidity

Wind speed

Water availability

Altitude



Role of transpiration in transport

Transpiration helps in the absorption and transportation of water and minerals in plants As water is lost or used up by the plant, more water is sucked up from

the xylem vessels in the leaves, stem and roots The flow of water is continuous from the roots to the leaves The water in the soil contains minerals which are absorbed by the

roots, tranported up the stem and to the leaves


The End

Keluar Versi BI

Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan

2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia• Struktur jantung • Fungsi jantung • Saluran darah dan fungsinya • Perbandingan di antara arteri, vena dan kapilari• Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaran2.2 Darah Manusia• Kandungan darah dan fungsinya • Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian 2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan• Pengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan • Pengangkutan air melalui xilem

KeluarVersi BI

Bab 2 : Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan

• Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem• Transpirasi• Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi• Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan

KeluarVersi BI

2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Manusia

Struktur jantung Aorta

Dari kepaladan badan

Ke kepaladan badan

Vena kava

Aurikel kanan

Injaptrikuspid

Ventrikal kanan Septum

Ventrikel kiri

Injap bikuspid

Aurikel kiriVena pulmonari

Dari peparu

Ke peparu Arteri pulmonariInjapsabit

KeluarVersi BI

2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam ManusiaFungsi jantung

• Organ berotot yang mengepam darah keluar ke seluruh badan• Darah terdeoksigen daripada seluruh badan mengalir balik ke

aurikel kanan melalui vena kava. Kemudian ia menghantar darah ke ventrikel kanan dan ventrikel kanan mengepam darah ke dalam arteri pulmonari. Arteri pulmonari membawa darah ke peparu dan mengambil oksigen

• Darah beroksigen mengalir dari aurikel kiri melalui vena pulmonari. Darah melewati aurikel kiri ke dalam ventrikel kiri. Kemudian, ia dipam keluar dari jantung ke dalam aorta dan darah diedarkan ke seluruh bahagian badan

• Bertanggungjawab untuk mengedar oksigen dan nutrien ke badan dan membawa keluar karbon dioksida dan produk buangan yang lain

KeluarVersi BI


Saluran darah dan fungsinya

Arteri

Vena

Kapilari darah

Darah masuk Darah mengalirkeluar

(a) Kapilari menyambungkan arteri dengan vena

Arah alirandarah

Injap tertutupuntuk mencegah

darah mengalir balik

Injapterbuka

(b) Tindakan injap sabit pada dinding vena

KeluarVersi BI

2.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam ManusiaPerbandingan antara arteri, vena dan kapilari

Sangat rendahRendahTinggiTekanan darahSangat kecilBesarKecilSaiz lumen

(diameter)

Sangat nipis dan setebal satu sel

Nipis, kurang kenyal, kurang berotot

Tebal, berotot, kenyal

Ketebalan dinding

Rupa bentuk

KapilariVenaArteriCiri-ciriTisu penghubung

Otot rataLumen

Tisu endothelium

Tisu penghubungOtotrataLumen

Tisu endothelium

Lumen

Tisu endothelium

KeluarVersi BI


Menghubung-kan arteri dengan vena

Mengangkut darah dari tisu badan ke jantung

Mengangkut darah dari jantung ke tisu badan

Fungsi

Sangat perlahan

PerlahanLajuKadar aliran darah

Darah beroksigen dan darah terdeoksigen

Darah terdeoksigen kecuali vena pulmonari

Darah beroksigen kecuali arteri pulmonari

Jenis darah yang diangkut

TiadaAdaTiadaKehadiran injap

KapilariVenaArteriCiri-ciri

KeluarVersi BI


Laluan aliran darah dalam sistem peredaranKepala

dan leherTangan

Peparu

Hati

Perut danusus

Ginjal

Kaki

Arteripulmonari

AortaVena kava

Venapulmonari

Jantung

Arteri

Jantung

Vena

Darah terdeoksigen

Darah beroksigen

KeluarVersi BI

• Sistem peredaran darah manusia dibahagikan kepada * Peredaran pulmonari : Mengembalikan darah terdeoksigen dari organ dan tisu badan yang meneruskan perjalanan dari ventrikel kanan ke aurikel kiri * Peredaran sistemik : Membawa darah beroksigen dari jantung ke semua tisu dalam badan kecuali peparu dan mengembalikan darah terdeoksigen yang membawa bahan buangan kembali ke jantung


KeluarVersi BI

2.2 Darah Manusia

• Darah adalah aliran tisu yang amat penting yang terbina daripada cecair dan pepejal

• Komponen cecair darah dipanggil plasma yang berwarna kuning muda

• Komponen pepejal terdiri daripada sel darah iaitu sel darah merah, sel darah putih dan platlet

• Plasma dan sel darah dalam darah boleh dipisahkan dari sampel darah menggunakan centrifuge

Kandungan darah dan fungsinya

KeluarVersi BI

2.2 Darah Manusia

TiadaAdaTiadaKehadiran nukleus

Sumsum tulangSumsum tulang dan kelenjar linfa

Sumsum tulang

Tempat penghasilan

2 – 3 m10 m8 mAnggaran saiz

Bentuk

PlatletSel darah

putihSel darah

merahCiri-ciri

Dwicekung Tiada bentuk tetap Tiada bentuk tetap

KeluarVersi BI

2.2 Darah Manusia

Lebih kurangt 200 000 ke 400 000

Lebih kurang 7 juta

Lebih kurang 5 juta

Bilangan per milimeter padu (mm3)

Membantu dalam pembekuan darah

Mempertahan-kan badan

Mengangkut oksigen dan karbon dioksida

Fungsi

TiadaTiadaAdaKehadiran hemoglobin

8 – 10 hariBeberapa hari ke beberapa bulan

120 hariJangka hayat

PlatletSel darah

putihSel darah

merahCiri-ciri

KeluarVersi BI

2.2 Darah Manusia

• Darah manusia dibahagikan kepada empat kumpulan iaitu kumpulan A, B, O dan AB

• Manusia yang mempunyai darah O dipanggil penderma universal kerana mereka boleh menderma darah kepada sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menerima darah dari kumpulan O sahaja

• Manusia yang mempunyai darah jenis AB dipanggil penerima universal kerana mereka boleh menerima darah dari sebarang kumpulan darah. Mereka boleh menderma kepada kumpulan AB sahaja

• Pemindahan darah adalah satu proses memindahkan darah daripada penderma kepada penerima

• Pengaglutinatan akan berlaku apabila dua jenis darah yang tidak sesuai dicampurkan

Kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian

KeluarVersi BI

2.2 Darah Manusia

////AB

/O

//B

//A

ABOBAJenis darah

penerima

Kesesuaian kumpulan darah yang berbeza

Jenis darah pendermaJenis darah penderma

KeluarVersi BI

2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam TumbuhanPengangkutan tisu dalam tumbuhan

• Mengangkut hasil fotosintesis (glukosa) dari daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan untuk kegunaan dan simpanan

• Memberi sokongan kepada tumbuhan dengan dindingnya yang tebal dan kuat • Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke bahagian lain tumbuhan

Fungsi

• Tisu lembut• Kaya dengan protoplasma

• Salur panjang berdinding tebal• Tidak mengandungi protoplasma

Ciri-ciri

FloemXilem

KeluarVersi BI

2.3 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan

Akar

Daun

Batang

Tumbuhan dikotiledonTumbuhan monokotiledon

Xilem

Floem

Xilem

Floem

Xilem

FloemEpidermis

Xilem

Floem

Kortex

Epidermis

Xilem

Floem

Epidermis

Akar rambut

Xilem

Floem Kortex

Akarrambut

EpidermisEndodermis

KeluarVersi BI


Pengangkutan air melalui xilem

Larutan berwarna

merah

Bahagian berwarna

merah

Bahagianberwarna

merah

Keratan rentas batang

Keratan rentas akarPokok keembung

KeluarVersi BI

Prosedur• Pokok keembung direndamkan ke dalam bikar yang berisi larutan

berwarna merah. Tumbuhan ini kemudiannya didedahkan kepada cahaya matahari

• Selepas satu hari, epidermis batang dan daun diperhatikan • Potong keratan rentas yang nipis bagi akar dan batang dan

diperhatikan di bawah mikroskopPemerhatian• Jalur merah ditemui pada vena daun dan sebahagiannya pada batang

dan akar• Daripada keratan rentas batang, dapat diperhatikan yang tisu xilem

tersusun dalam gelang dalam setiap bekas vaskular berwarna merahKesimpulan• Jalur yang berwarna merah adalah tisu xilem yang mengangkut air

daripada akar ke batang dan daun


KeluarVersi BI


Pengangkutan makanan melalui floem

Membengkak akibatpengumpulan hasilfotosintesis (makanan)

Mengecut

Selepas beberapa minggu

Haripertama

KeluarVersi BI

Prosedur• Tisu floem tumbuhan disingkirkan dengan membuat

gelang pada kulit kayu batang tumbuhan• Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan di bawah cahaya matahari dan air• Tumbuhan ini dibiarkan selama beberapa mingguPemerhatian• Kulit kayu di bahagian atas gelang membengkak• Kulit kayu di bahagian bawah gelang mengecut• Daun pada bahagian atas gelang tidak layuInferens• Kulit kayu pada bahagian atas gelang membengkak

kerana tanpa tisu floem makanan (glukosa) tidak dapat diangkut ke bahagian bawah


KeluarVersi BI

• Kulit kayu bahagian bawah gelang mengecut kerana makanan telah habis digunakan

• Daun tumbuhan tidak layu kerana air dan garam mineral masih boleh diangkut melalui tisu xilem

Kesimpulan• Tisu floem mengangkut makanan (glukosa) daripada

daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan


KeluarVersi BI


Transpirasi• Transpirasi adalah proses penyejatan di mana tumbuhan hilang

air berlebihan ke atmosfera dalam bentuk wap air• Air berlebihan akan disingkirkan melalui stoma yang boleh

dijumpai pada kedua-dua permukaan daun• Stoma terdiri daripada : * Stoma : Liang di mana wap air dibuang keluar dari

tumbuhan * Sel pengawal : Sel yang berbentuk dua ginjal yang mengandungi kloroplas yang mengawal saiz liang stoma• Stoma menjadi kecil pada hari panas dan besar pada hari sejuk• Bukaan stoma membenarkan pertukaran gas

KeluarVersi BI


Stoma atas permukaandaun

Sel pengawal

Stoma

Hari panas

Stoma mengecil

Hari sejuk

Stoma membesar

KeluarVersi BI


Cahaya

Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar

transpirasi

Suhu

Kelembapan bandingan

Laju angin

Adanya air

Ketinggian

KeluarVersi BI


Peranan transpirasi dalam pengangkutan

• Transpirasi membantu dalam penyerapan dan pengangkutan air dan mineral dalam tumbuhan

• Seperti mana air hilang atau habis digunakan oleh tumbuhan, lebih banyak air disedut daripada salur xilem dalam daun, batang dan akar

• Aliran air berterusan daripada akar kepada daun• Air dalam tanih mengandungi mineral yang boleh diserap

oleh akar, diangkut ke batang dan ke daun

KeluarVersi BI

Tamat

Date post:	12-Jul-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	anonymous-hf5smn4f
View:	239 times
Download:	1 times

Chapter 2 F3

Documents