Name: ____________________________________ Date: _______________________ !

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Chapter 2 Notes – The Chemistry of Life Section 2-3 Macromolecules – Carbohydrates and Lipids

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, in a ratio of __________________.

• This means that in a typical carbohydrate molecule, there is 1 carbon for every 2 hydrogens for every 1 oxygen atom.

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of _______________.

Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for _____________________

purposes.

The breakdown of _______________, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all ___________ activities.

• Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as __________________.

_________________ (complex) and ________________ (simple) are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.

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Monomers of Carbohydrates: • Single sugar molecules are called _______________________________

(mono = one, single; saccharide = sugar) o Monosaccharides include:

___________________ (found all over the biological world)

___________________ (a component of milk)

___________________ (found in many fruits)

• Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are called

______________________________ (poly = many; saccharide = sugar) o Polysaccharides include:

_______________________ (how animals (including us) store excess glucose; found in liver and muscle)

_______________________ (how plants stores excess glucose)

_______________________ (gives plants their strength and rigidity; found in wood and paper)

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Lipids

Lipids are generally not _______________ in water. They are made mostly from _______________ and _____________________.

Common categories of lipids are:

• __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________

What is the function of lipids?

Lipids can be used to store _______________ (long-term). Some lipids are

important parts of biological ____________________ and

_______________________ coverings.

Monomers of Lipids: Many lipids are formed when a ____________________ molecule combines with compounds called _______________ _______________.

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• Saturated fatty acids: all ______________ bonds connecting carbon atoms; tend to be solids at room temperature.

o Examples: animal fats (cream, butter, cheese, meat, whole milk) !

• Unsaturated fatty acids: at least one _______________ bond connecting carbon atoms; tend to be liquid at room temperature.

o One double bond = monounsaturated

Examples: avocados, nuts, olive oil, canola oil

o More than one double bond = polyunsaturated

Examples: fish; vegetable oils (corn oil, sesame oil) !