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Chapter 2
Review
Atomic Structure
• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons
Atomic Structure
• Atomic Number• Mass Number• Isotopes• Energy levels
Chemical Bonds
• Molecules• Compound• Ionic bonds– Cations– Anions
• Covalent bonds– Polar covalent– Nonpolar covalent
Chemical Bonds cont.
• Hydrogen bonds• States of Matter
Chemical Reactions
• Reactants• Products • Metabolism – All the chemical
reactions in the body
Enzymes, Energy &
Chemical Reactions• Activation Energy• Enzymes– Catalysts
• Exergonic reactions– Release energy
• Endergonic reactions– More energy required to begin the reaction than is
released
Inorganic Compounds
• Nutrients– Essential elements & molecules
• Metabolites– Molecules that can be synthesized or broken
down by chemical reactions inside our body• Electrolytes – Undergo ionization in water to form ions• Hydrophilic• hydrophobic
Water & Its Properties
• Solution– Solutes– Solvents– pH• Acids• Bases• Neutrals
Organic Compounds Carbohydrates
• Include starches & sugars• Carbohydrates– Monosaccharides • Monomer - glucose
– Disaccharides– Polysaccharides• Dehydration synthesis
Lipids
• Include: fats, oils, waxes• Monomers – Fatty acids & glycerol
• Water insoluble• Steroids– Structure of cell membranes– Sex hormones– Lipid digestion
Proteins cont. • Monomers– Amino acids
• Polypeptide bonds• Levels of structure– Primary (amino acid
sequence)– Secondary (amino acid
interactions)– Tertiary (complex folding)– Quaternary (protein
complexes)
Proteins
• Structural proteins• Contractile proteins• Transport proteins• Buffering proteins• Enzymes• Hormones• Antibodies
Enzymatic Reactions
• Active sites • Substrates • Denature
Nucleic Acids• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)– Sugar
• deoxyribose
– Nitrogenous bases• Adenine, Guanine, Thymine,
Cytosine
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)– Nitrogenous bases
• Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
– Sugar • Ribose
High Energy Compounds
• ATP – Adenosine triphosphate• ADP – Adensonsine diphosphate