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Chapter 2: Socialization
Perspectives on Socialization Agents of Child Socialization Processes of Socialization Outcomes of Socialization Adult Socialization
What is Socialization?
Process:Learning a cultureBecoming effective member
of societyBeing “human”
What do we learn?
SkillsKnowledgeValuesMotivesRoles
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9/4 Consequences of Socialization
1. Establishes self-concepts
2. Creates capacity for role taking
3. Creates tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways
4. Makes people bearers of culture
“Every man is in certain respects:
Like all other men- Like some other men-Like no other man.”
Clyde Kluckholm: Anthropologist
Perspectives on Socialization
The Developmental Perspective Dependent on Physical &
Psychological Development
Examples: “Potty Training” Walking Speaking Feeding self
The Social Learning Perspective
Cognitive & behavioral skills Language Shared meanings Imitation Acquiring behavior Performing behavior
9/6 Social Learning Perspective
Children see, children do http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_s9pG5CWXM&featu
re=related
Learning by observation: 4 processes Attention Retention Production Motivation
Social Learning Perspective Bobo doll experiment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU
Reciprocal determinism between:Cognitive abilitiesPerson’s behaviorEnvironment
“The world and people’s behavior cause each other.” Bandura
The Interpretive Perspective: Symbolic Interaction Theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52ATteMIXzI&feature=related
He’s Just Not that Into You
Cognitive Processes Thinking Reasoning
Social interaction
Societal meanings
Interpretive reproduction (routines)
Development of self
Sequence of roles
Age-linked roles
Predictable transition times
Certain persons or organizations
responsible
The Impact of Social Structure
Socialization as Social Control
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Components of Socialization
• Socialization has four necessary components:1. An agent – someone serves as source
for what is being learned2. A learning process3. A target – person being socialized4. An outcome - something that is being
learned
Agents of Childhood Socialization
Four of the Agents:
1. Family 2. Peers 3. School4. Mass media
Processes of Socialization
1) Instrumental Conditioning Big Bang Theory videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-63ysqT5nu0&feature=related
Shaping
Punishment
Extrinsically motivatedDepends on others
Shaping Punishment
Extrinsic Motivation
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Punishment
Definition: The presentation of painful or discomforting stimulus that decreases probability that a behavior will occur.
Widely used in the United States. Our culture is tolerant of or encourages its use.
Major child rearing practice used by parents.
Research—Punishment is effective in some circumstances but not in others.
Instrumental Conditioning
Intrinsically motivated
Self-reinforcement
Internalizing standards-judging
Self-efficacy
Intrinsic motivation Self-reinforcement
Internalizing Standards-judging Self-efficacy
Processes of Socialization 2) Observational Learning (Modeling)
Observe another person’s behavior & its consequences Efficient
Characteristics of the model High-StatusNurturing
Processes of Socialization
3) Internalization Externally imposed behavioral
standards Become internal
Self-control
Outcomes of Socialization
Gender Roles
Linguistic & Cognitive Competence
Moral Development Work Orientations
Adult Socialization
Role Acquisition
Anticipatory Socialization
Role Discontinuity