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Displaying the Earth’s Surface
• The earth is shaped as a globe.• A globe is a spherical scale model.
• Best shows sizes of continents, shapes of lanmasses, and bodies of water.
• Maps• Flat drawings of all or parts of Earth’s surfaces.
• Similar features• Imaginary lines that divide into hemispheres
Hemispheres
• Equator is the middle line; circles the middle of the earth like a belt• North Hemisphere
• South Hemisphere
• Prime Meridian• East Hemisphere
• West Hemisphere
Finding Places on Earth
• Latitude and Longitude form a grid system
• Latitude is parallel to the Equator• Measure distance North to South
• Longitude is parallel to the Prime Meridian• Measure distance East to West
Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography
• Five Themes• Location
• Place
• Human-Environment Interaction
• Movement
• Regions
Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography
• Six Essential Elements• The World in Spatial Terms
• Places and Regions
• Physical Systems
• Human Systems
• Environment and Society
• The Uses of Geography
Type of Maps
• Physical Maps• Show land and water
• Color include brown/green for lands; blue for water
• Show elevation
• Political Maps• Show names and borders of countries
• Location of cities and human-made features
• Major physical features of land area
• Special-Purpose Maps• Specific kinds of information
Reading Maps
• Symbols- signs or picture used on a map
• Scale- measuring line that tells the distances between places on a map
• Cardinal Directions (N-S-E-W)
Using Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams
• Tools that show information• Title give the subject
• Different kinds• Bar graphs, pie graphs, line
graphs, diagrams
• Climate bar graph or Climograph shows long-term weather pattern
Population and Culture
• Population
• Choropleth- uses colors to show population density
• Migration
• Culture- set of beliefs, behaviors, and traits• Language, religion, government,
customs
What is Economics?
• What goods and services should we offer?
• How should we create and distribute thee goods and services?
• Who will use these good and services?
What is Economics?
• Resources and production
• Four kinds of resources: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship• Land- natural resources
• Labor-Ability to do work
• Capital- money and goods use to help people make or do things
• Entrepreneurship- running a business and taking on riks
Supply and Demand
• First get good or service that is needed. Then, figure out how much of that good or service to offer.
• Supply: amount of good a producer wants to sell
• Demand: amount consumer wants to buy
• The law of demand says that the lower the price of a good or service, the more of it people will want to buy.
• Textbook p.39
Things that affect supply and demand...
• Scarcity
• Opportunity cost- what you give up to make it or buy it
Managing and Measuring Economies
• Economic Systems• Traditional Economy
• Based on custom
• Children do same job as parent
• Command Economy
• Central gov’t decides what goods will be made and by who
• Market Economy
• Each person makes choices about what to make, sell, and buy
Managing and Measuring Economies
• Economies grow and shrink over time a.k.a. the business cycle
• Recession: economy rises slowly
• Inflation: rising prices; money buys less
Trade in World History
• Why do people trade? When both sides can benefit.• Exports
• Imports
• Early civilizations often trade by bartering• Goods and services are traded for other goods and services
Trade in World History
• Barriers to Trade• Conflict
• Geography
• Communication
• Production in own country
• Global Trade• Globalization: international trade
Principles of Goverment
• U.S. Constitution
• Representative government: citizens elect gov’t officials
• Federal system: divides powers between central and state gov’t
• Separation of powers: divided among branches (legislative, executive, judicial)• Checks and balances
What is Citizenship?
• Civic participation refer to the duties and responsibilities of all citizens. • Comes from ancient Greece and Rome
• As citizens we have certain right such as freedom of expression and the right to vote
Duties and Responsibilities
• Obey all federal, state, and local laws
• Pay federal, state, and local taxes
• Serve on a jury
• People born in other countries can become citizen
• Stay informed about important issues and topics
• Respect views and rights of others
• Take part in local community