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Chapter 2: The Language of Anatomy
Anatomy Unit 2 Objectives:Anatomy Unit 2 Objectives:
TSWBAT verbally describe or demonstrate the anatomical position.
TSWBAT use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, regions, surfaces and body planes
TSWBAT locate the major body cavities, and list the chief organs in each cavity.
Superficial AnatomySuperficial AnatomyInvolves locating structures on or near
the body surfaceUnderstanding anatomical landmarks,
anatomical regions, and terms for anatomical directions will help you remember both the location of a structure and its name.
For example; the brachium refers to the the arm and the brachialis muscle and the brachial artery are located in the arm.
Why have anatomical Why have anatomical terminology?terminology?
To prevent misunderstandings, anatomists use universally accepted terms to identify body structures precisely and with a minimum of words
* It is important to remember that the terms “left” and “right” refer to those sides of the person being viewed – not those of the observer.
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position1. Body erect2. Feet slightly apart3. Palms facing forward 4. Thumbs point away from
body5. Similar to “standing at
attention”
Supine – person laying down in anatomical position face up
Prone – face downFigure 1.7a
Table 1.1
Table 1.1
Check Point
Create 4 examples using the directional terms.
1. Share/Check with a partner. 2. Be prepared to discuss your
examples.
Regional Terms: Anterior Regional Terms: Anterior ViewView
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior Regional Terms: Posterior ViewView
Figure 1.7b
HEADS UP
Preparation for PictionaryPreparation for PictionaryPlace the board, envelope, and discard
bowl in a central location so all players have access to them
Each team should have a playing piece, white board, markers, and paper towels
Place playing pieces in the start square on the board
Each team selects a picturist, one who will sketch clues for the first word
Each team rolls the die; highest roll selects the first card
The first word sketched is an ALL PLAY
THE PLAYTHE PLAYThe starting picturist selects a word card from the deckThe picturist has 5 secondsThe timer is then turned and the picturist begins
sketching clues for the teamThe picturist may not use verbal or physical
communication to teammates during the roundSketches may not include letters or numbersSketching and guessing continues until the word is
identified or until time is up If a guess is correct, the team continues to play by
rolling the die, advancing the number of squares, selecting a new card and new picturist
If a word is not identified within the time limit, play continues to the left (pull a new card, do not roll)
THE PLAY continuedTHE PLAY continuedAll PlayThe card is shown to the picturist of each teamThe word is sketched simultaneously by
picturists to their respective teamsThe first team to identify the word earns
control of the die, rolls the die, and continues with a turn
If no team identifies the word, play continues to the left
To WinThe first team to land on the Finish square and
guess the word correctly wins the game
Body SectionsBody SectionsSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or median- sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Body SectionsBody SectionsFrontal/Coronal Section – Lengthwise plane that divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior
Body SectionsBody Sections
Transverse/Cross Section – Cut along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts.
Body PlanesBody Planes
Figure 1.8
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
◦Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
◦Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
The Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions:
Body CavitiesBody CavitiesVentral cavity houses the internal organs and is divided into two subdivisions:
1. Thoracic
2. Abdominopelvic
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
The Thoracic cavity is subdivided into :
Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Two subdivisions:
◦ Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
◦ Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity1. Cranial Cavity – Brain 2. Vertebral Cavity – Spinal cord & nerve origins
Ventral Body Cavity1. Thoracic Cavity – Chest cavity
A. Pleural Cavity – LungsB. Pericardial Cavity – HeartC. Mediastinum
2. Abdominopelvic CavityA. Abdominal – stomach, spleen, gallbladder,
liver, pancreas, small & large intestinesB. Pelvic – bladder, portions of large intestines,
sex organs
Ventral Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity MembranesMembranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae
Ventral Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity MembranesMembranes
Figure 1.10a
Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities
1. Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
2. Nasal - located within and posterior to the nose
3. Orbital – house the eyes
4. Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
5. Synovial – joint cavities
Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upperLeft upperRight lowerLeft lower
Figure 1.12
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
UmbilicalEpigastricHypogastricRight and left
iliac or inguinalRight and left
lumbarRight and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Organs of the Abdominopelvic RegionsRegions
Figure 1.11b
X-ray TechnologyUses electromagnetic radiation to
make imagesUsed to look for broken bones,
problems in your lungs and abdomen, cavities in your teeth, tumors, etc.
MRI – Magnetic Resonance MRI – Magnetic Resonance ImagingImagingImaging test that uses powerful
magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the body
The area of the body being studied is placed inside a special machine that contains a strong magnet
It is used to find problems such as tumors, bleeding, injury, blood vessel diseases or infection
Usually takes 30-60 minutes
CT – Computed CT – Computed tomographytomographyScan uses x-rays to make detailed
pictures of structures inside of the body
Each rotation of the scanner provides a picture of a thin slice of the organ or area
Can be used to study all parts of your body
May be used to make sure a procedure is done correctly
UltrasoundUltrasoundUses high-frequency sound waves to look
at organs and structures inside the bodyUsed to view the heart, blood vessels,
kidneys, liver, and other organsDuring pregnancy, doctors use
ultrasound tests to examine the fetusUses a device called a transducer over
part of the body; sends out sound waves, which bounces off the tissues inside your body; images are created from the waves