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Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

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Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency
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Page 1: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Chapter 2

Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency

Page 2: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Schools of Thought

1. Classical School of Thought2. Positivist School of Thought

Page 3: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classical School of Thought Human beings are rational and are

capable of free-will Cost-benefit analysis Individuals are self-serving Punish the offense rather than the

offender

Page 4: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Positivist School of Thought Look for multiple factors to

explain crime Punish offenders rather than the

offense3 Explanations:

1) Biological2) Sociological3) Psychological

Page 5: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Positivist Explanations

1) Biological2) Sociological3) Psychological

Page 6: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biological Explanations Seeks to explain crime on the basis of

form follows function Caesar Lombroso (1876)—considered

Father of Criminology Criminals are evolutionary throwbacks Stigmata 3 Groups of Criminals

1. Born Criminal2. Insane Criminal3. Criminaloid

Page 7: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biological Explanations, cont’d. William Sheldon (1949)

Somatyping 3 Body Types

1. Endomorphs2. Ectomorphs3. Mesomorphs

Page 8: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biological Explanations, cont’d. Feeblemindedness and crime

began to be used. Increased use of IQ testing was

begun. Recent research suggests that IQ

may be linked to delinquency.

Page 9: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biological Explanations, cont’d.

Twin Studies Assessed delinquency patterns of

twins separated at birth 60-70% of identical twins had similar

delinquency patterns 15-30% of fraternal twins had similar

delinquency patterns

Page 10: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biological Explanations, cont’d. Other Biological Explanations

XYY Chromosomal Patterns Delivery Complications Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Reduced Spinal Fluid Levels Reduced Levels of Autonomic Reactiveness

and Poor Conditioning of Autonomic Responses

Nutrition

Page 11: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Psychological Explanations Based on the Medical Model Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic

Explanations Understand the relationship

between personality and crime 3 Distinct elements of personality

1. Id2. Ego3. Superego

Page 12: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Psychological Explanations, cont’d.

Yochelson and Samenow (1977) Cognitive Based Theories Identified 52 Thinking Errors

Page 13: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sociological Explanations Look to the environment for

explanations of crime6 Theoretical Explanations

1) Anomie Theory2) Anomie/Strain Theory3) Labeling Theory4) Social Bonding/Control Theory5) Differential Association6) Developmental Perspectives

Page 14: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anomie Theory Emile Durkeim—”Father of

Sociology” Argued that crime is normal Normlessness/Anomie

Page 15: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mertonian Anomie/Strain Robert Merton Crime occurs when there is a

disjuncture between societally-approved goals and means to achieve those goals. Humans develop 5 Modes of

Adaptation when they are unable to meet both the goals and means.

Page 16: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

5 Modes of Adaptation

1) Conformity2) Innovation3) Ritualism4) Retreatism5) Rebellion

Page 17: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Labeling Theory

The theory holds that if one is part of a group that is deemed undesirable, then regardless of the honesty or “goodness” of one or several of the members, all can be labeled with the same stigmatizing tag.

Page 18: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Edwin Lemert (1952) The act of being labeled does not

occur with one label. 2 Forms of Deviation

1. Primary Deviance2. Secondary Deviance

Page 19: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Social Bonding/Control Theory

Travis Hirschi (1969) Juveniles become free to commit

delinquent acts when their ties to the conventional social order are severed.

There are 4 dimensions which bond an individual to society. The stronger the bonds, the less likely crime/delinquency will occur.

Page 20: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

4 Social Bonds/Dimensions

1) Attachment2) Commitment3) Involvement4) Belief

Page 21: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Differential Association

Edwin Sutherland His theory posits that delinquent

values are transmitted from one person to another or from one group to another.

Sutherland put forth 9 Propositions

Page 22: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Developmental Perspective This perspective addresses the

existence and persistence of delinquent behavior over the life course

Pittsburgh Youth Study Identified 3 major pathways to

identifying chronic & serious delinquency

Page 23: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Pathways to Crime

1) Overt Pathway2) Covert Pathway3) Authority Conflict Pathway Difference between persisters

and experimenters

Page 24: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Distinct Characteristics of Prevention and Treatment Programs

1) Early Intervention2) Comprehensive Interventions3) Long-term Interventions

Page 25: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Areas That Need to Be Addressed by a Comprehensive Program

1) Programs should address the multiple risk factors of youth.

2) Chronic offenders appear to have co-occurring problem behaviors, therefore, programs should address multiple problems.

3) Programs must address protective factors.

Page 26: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Drugs and Crime The issue of drugs and crime permeates

the criminal justice system. The Drug Use Forecasting Program

(1996) indicated that 79% of all arrestees showed a positive for any drug.

In 1998 11 % of all juvenile offenses were for a drug-related offense.

In 2002 ADAM found that 60% of male and 45.9% of female juvenile detainees tested positive for drugs.

Page 27: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Connection Between Drugs & Crime

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics the following report committing crimes for drugs: 10% of federal prisoners 17% of state prisoners 13% all convicted jail inmates

Page 28: Chapter 2 Theoretical Explanations of Delinquency.

Juvenile Justice: Theory, Systems, and Organization Houston/Barton

Prentice Hall © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

Implications for Tax Dollars It is important to understand the

connection between theory and delinquency.

We must understand programs that work to diminish the possibility of investing in programs that don’t work.


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