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Earth Viewed From Outer Earth Viewed From Outer SpaceSpace• The Solar SystemThe Solar System
– Made up of sun and all that revolves around Made up of sun and all that revolves around itit
– Earth has an atmosphereEarth has an atmosphere•The air that surrounds the earthThe air that surrounds the earth
• Earth’s MeasurementsEarth’s Measurements– About 93 million miles from the sunAbout 93 million miles from the sun– Diameter of Earth at equator is about 8,00 Diameter of Earth at equator is about 8,00
milesmiles
Earth Viewed From Outer Earth Viewed From Outer Space (Con’t)Space (Con’t)
• Water, Land and AirWater, Land and Air– Earth is roughly 70% waterEarth is roughly 70% water
•Oceans, Lakes, Rivers make up the Oceans, Lakes, Rivers make up the HydrosphereHydrosphere
– Earth is roughly 30% landEarth is roughly 30% land•Earth surface and crust is called the Earth surface and crust is called the
LithosphereLithosphere
– All organisms live in the BiosphereAll organisms live in the Biosphere
Earth’s SurfaceEarth’s Surface
• Inside the EarthInside the Earth– Composed of three layersComposed of three layers
•The CoreThe Core– Inner and Outer core in the center of the EarthInner and Outer core in the center of the Earth
•The MantleThe Mantle– Thick layer of melting materialThick layer of melting material– Material from Volcano eruptionsMaterial from Volcano eruptions
•The CrustThe Crust– Thinnest of the threeThinnest of the three
Only 3-30 miles deepOnly 3-30 miles deep– Planetlike rock that floats on the mantlePlanetlike rock that floats on the mantle
Earth’s Surface (Con’t)Earth’s Surface (Con’t)• Internal ForcesInternal Forces
– Plates move only roughly 4 inches a yearPlates move only roughly 4 inches a year– When plates pull apart, melted rock rises upWhen plates pull apart, melted rock rises up
• HawaiiHawaii– Shaking or sudden movements in plates are Shaking or sudden movements in plates are
earthquakesearthquakes– When plates collide, the plates bend, fold, or When plates collide, the plates bend, fold, or
crack (fault lines)crack (fault lines)– Underwater, when earthquake happens, Underwater, when earthquake happens,
tsunamis can occurtsunamis can occur• Tsunamis are large waves that can be as fast as 400 Tsunamis are large waves that can be as fast as 400
miles/hr. and up to 100 ft.tallmiles/hr. and up to 100 ft.tall– Pacific PlatePacific Plate
• So active with earthquakes and volcanoes, it is called So active with earthquakes and volcanoes, it is called the the Ring of FireRing of Fire
External ForcesExternal Forces
• WeatheringWeathering– Breaking down of rocksBreaking down of rocks– Two kinds:Two kinds:
•Chemical weatheringChemical weathering– Water dissolves chemicals in rocks, causing Water dissolves chemicals in rocks, causing
disintegration or break apartdisintegration or break apart
•Physical weatheringPhysical weathering– Breaks rocks into large piecesBreaks rocks into large pieces
External Forces (Con’t)External Forces (Con’t)• ErosionErosion
– Wearing away of the earth’s surface by Wearing away of the earth’s surface by wind, water and glacierswind, water and glaciers
– WindWind•Movement of dust, sand and soil from one Movement of dust, sand and soil from one
place to anotherplace to another– Plants help avoid wind erosionPlants help avoid wind erosion
– WaterWater•Water flows, which cuts the land, wearing Water flows, which cuts the land, wearing
away the soil and rockaway the soil and rock•Ex.Ex.
– Grand CanyonGrand Canyon
External Forces (Con’t)External Forces (Con’t)• Erosion (Con’t)Erosion (Con’t)
– GlaciersGlaciers•Large bodies of ice, move across the surface Large bodies of ice, move across the surface
of the earthof the earth•Similar to water flow erosion, however with Similar to water flow erosion, however with
even greater magnitudeeven greater magnitude•Two types:Two types:
– Glacier SheetGlacier Sheet Large sheets… Greenland and AntarcticaLarge sheets… Greenland and Antarctica
– Mountain GlacierMountain Glacier Snow on mountain top turns to ice and begins Snow on mountain top turns to ice and begins
moving down by gravitymoving down by gravity
LandformsLandforms
• ContinentsContinents– 7 Continents7 Continents
•Map of ContinentsMap of Continents
• IsthmusIsthmus– Connects two large landmassesConnects two large landmasses– Isthmus of Panama connects North and South Isthmus of Panama connects North and South
AmericaAmerica
•Europe and Asia separated by the Ural Europe and Asia separated by the Ural MountainsMountains
Landforms (Con’t)Landforms (Con’t)• Major LandformsMajor Landforms
– MountainsMountains•Have steep slopes with some kind of peak or Have steep slopes with some kind of peak or
summitsummit
– HillsHills•More rounded and lower than mountainsMore rounded and lower than mountains
– PlateauPlateau•Higher than surrounding land and has one Higher than surrounding land and has one
steep side, called a cliffsteep side, called a cliff
– PlainsPlains•Flat or gently rolling landsFlat or gently rolling lands
Other LandformsOther Landforms• ValleyValley
– Lowland between to steep sidesLowland between to steep sides
• PeninsulaPeninsula– Land surrounded by water on three sidesLand surrounded by water on three sides
• IslandIsland– Land completely surrounded by waterLand completely surrounded by water
• ArchipelagoArchipelago– Closely scattered islandsClosely scattered islands
• Continental ShelfContinental Shelf– Underwater extension of a continentUnderwater extension of a continent
Water FeaturesWater Features
• Oceans and SeasOceans and Seas– 70% Earth is water and it is mainly salt 70% Earth is water and it is mainly salt
waterwater– Four major oceansFour major oceans
•PacificPacific•AtlanticAtlantic•ArcticArctic• IndianIndian
– Seas, Gulfs, BaysSeas, Gulfs, Bays•Smaller forms of salt waterSmaller forms of salt water
Water Features (Con’t)Water Features (Con’t)• Lakes, Streams and RiversLakes, Streams and Rivers
– LakeLake•Water completely surrounded by landWater completely surrounded by land•Most are freshwaterMost are freshwater
– StreamStream•Body of water flowing, which combines to Body of water flowing, which combines to
create riverscreate rivers
– RiverRiver•A stream of considerable volume of waterA stream of considerable volume of water•Generally started by melting glacier, top of Generally started by melting glacier, top of
mountain or overflowing lakemountain or overflowing lake
Water Features (Con’t)Water Features (Con’t)• GroundwaterGroundwater
– Lies beneath earth’s surface and Lies beneath earth’s surface and supplies wells and springssupplies wells and springs
– Main source of groundwater is rain and Main source of groundwater is rain and melted icemelted ice
• Water CycleWater Cycle– Regular movement of water from ocean Regular movement of water from ocean
to air to ground to Oceanto air to ground to Ocean– Cycle Begins with EvaporationCycle Begins with Evaporation
•Changing liquid water into vapor or gasChanging liquid water into vapor or gas
Importance of ResourcesImportance of Resources• Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
– Elements from the earth that are not made by Elements from the earth that are not made by humans but can be used by themhumans but can be used by them
• Minerals and FuelsMinerals and Fuels– MineralsMinerals
• Substances from earth that are not living or from Substances from earth that are not living or from living thingsliving things
– Fossils FuelsFossils Fuels• Fuels derived from the remains of plants and animals Fuels derived from the remains of plants and animals
that lived millions of years agothat lived millions of years ago
• ExampleExample– Coal, oil, gasCoal, oil, gas
Importance of Resources Importance of Resources (Con’t)(Con’t)
• Minerals and Fuels (Con’t)Minerals and Fuels (Con’t)– Value of ResourcesValue of Resources
•Determined by the purpose of the ResourceDetermined by the purpose of the Resource
•Supply, often influenced by location, also Supply, often influenced by location, also affects valueaffects value
– Oil debate todayOil debate today
Managing ResourcesManaging Resources
• Renewable ResourcesRenewable Resources– Replace itself naturally or farmed to Replace itself naturally or farmed to
create a continuous supplycreate a continuous supply•Vegetables, Sun/Wind powerVegetables, Sun/Wind power
• Non-Renewable ResourcesNon-Renewable Resources– Can never be replacedCan never be replaced– Many minerals and fossil fuelsMany minerals and fossil fuels
Distribution of ResourcesDistribution of Resources• Most resources are not evenly distributed Most resources are not evenly distributed
throughout the earththroughout the earth
• TradeTrade– ImportImport
• Resources or goods brought into a countryResources or goods brought into a country
– ExportExport• Resources or goods sent from one country to anotherResources or goods sent from one country to another
• Uneven distribution of earth’s resources Uneven distribution of earth’s resources has led to an interdependence between has led to an interdependence between countriescountries– Also has led to many conflicts and warsAlso has led to many conflicts and wars
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