Carlos A. MoralesAP Government
Chapter 20National Security Policymaking
Foreign policy: involves choice-taking about relations with the rest of the world.
Instruments of Foreign PolicyMilitaryEconomicDiplomacy
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
Within foreign policy, the United States has used military force to topple regimes, prevent democratic governments from toppling, and even aid in the transfer of power within other countries.
Such actions have often secured United States as an ally in other countries.
MILITARY, ECONOMIC, AND DIPLOMACY
Economic factors also play an influence on foreign policy because just like wealthy people converse with other wealthy people, the United States must make decisions regarding countries that could help America in the future.
It also dictates the importance of certain objectives such as the trade regulations and control of oil.
MILITARY, ECONOMIC, AND DIPLOMACY
Diplomacy is the process in which nations carry out relationships with each other.
Negotiators usually work out treaties covering all kinds of national contracts.These include economic relations to
aid for stranded tourists.
MILITARY, ECONOMIC, AND DIPLOMACY
Organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.
Two types:International nongovernmental
organizationsNongovernmental that operate internationally.Examples: International Committee of the Red
Cross, Toyota, Sony, Nintendo, etc.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Intergovernmental organizationsExamples: UN, EU, NATO, etc.
The UN, created in 1945, is an organization whose members agree to renounce war and to respect certain human and economic freedoms.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
NATO- Created in 1949, an organization whose members include the United States, Canada, most Western European nations, and Turkey, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all.
EU- An alliance of the major Western European nations that coordinates monetary, trade, immigration and labor policies, making its members one economic unit.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
The PresidentNegotiates treatiesDeploys American troops abroadAppoints US ambassadors
POLICY MAKERS
The DiplomatsSecretary of State
is the head of the Department of State and is a key advisor to the president on foreign policy.
POLICY MAKERS
National Security EstablishmentDepartment of Defense is key foreign policy
actor.Created after World War II, the Defense
Department consist of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force.
Secretary of Defense is civilian advisor to the president on national defense matters.
Each of the services commanding officers, along with other associates, constitute the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Advise the president on military policy.
POLICY MAKERS
National Security EstablishmentCIA Agency created after World War II to
coordinate American intelligence activities abroad.
Collects information through espionage. Has involvement with other nations' internal
affairs.
POLICY MAKERS
Congress Authority to declare war, organize the armed forces,
and appropriate funds for national security. Senate ratifies treaties and confirms appointments.
POLICY MAKERS
The United States followed Isolationism until World War II. Isolationism is a foreign policy course whereby the
United States has tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European wars. Isolationism was reaffirmed by the Monroe Doctrine.
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEW
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWThe Cold War
War by other than military means usually emphasizing ideological conflict.
End of WWII, US was super powerHelped Europe rebuild through the Marshall
Plan.NATO was created due to the strong military
alliance between the US and Western Europe.
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWSoviet Union didn’t cooperate and Eastern
Europe was fell under soviet domination.Containment Doctrine arose in order to stop
the soviets expansion.Containment Doctrine is a foreign policy
strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, “contain” its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible, but by force if necessary.
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWHeight of the Cold War was
1950During this time, industry
was manufacturing a lot more military vehicles and weapons.Known as military-industrial
complexAnd when the Soviets
produced more weaponry than the United States, the United States would use that as a reason to produce even more weapons.This was known as an arms
race.
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWVietnam War
Communism in North Vietnam was spreading and the US tried to stop it by helping South Vietnam
Catastrophe that ended with 58,159 US servicemen fatalities.
Occurred during the Cold War Period and ended with the capture of Saigon
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEWThe Era of Détente
Supported by Richard NixonThis was a slow transformation from conflict
thinking to cooperative thinking in foreign policy strategy and policymaking.
This was done in order to ease the tensions between the superpowers, coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security.
End of the Cold War1989, President Bush speaks about integrating
the Soviet Union into the community of nations.
1989, Berlin Wall falls and East and West Germany are united.
1992, Boris Yeltsin addressed a joint session of the U.S. Congress that communism will never rise again.
West, led by the United States, won.
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEW
The War on TerrorismUnited States declared war on terrorism
following the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington
“Axis of Evil” were formed by Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEW
Within American defense policy, the United States requires forces and equipment sufficient to:Win decisively a single major conflictDefend American territory against new threatsConduct a number of holding actions
elsewhere around the worldThe defense policy can be broken down into
three factors:Defense spending (Money)Personnel (Human Resources)Weapons (Technology)
THE POLITICS OF DEFENSE POLICY
Defense SpendingIt accounts for 1/5 of the federal budget
THE POLITICS OF DEFENSE POLICY
Defense Spending
Conservative
Argue that we are not
spending enough
Liberal
Argue that we are spending
too much
PersonnelAmericas defense has been based on it military
force and its weapons.
THE POLITICS OF DEFENSE POLICY
Branch PersonnelArmy 482,400
Navy 365,900
Air Force 359,700
Marines 175,000
Subtotal 1,383,000Reserves 860,900
Total 2,243,900
WeaponsMilitary weapons are not cheap!
Consist of ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), SLBMs (submarine-launched ballistic missiles), and strategic bombers.
Stealth Bombers cost $1,000,000,000Cost of building nuclear weapons has been
$5,500,000,000,000Under the terms of the INF treaty
(intermediate-range nuclear forces), there can be no more than 2,500 nuclear weapons were to be destroyed.
THE POLITICS OF DEFENSE POLICY
Decreasing Role of Military PowerSome say that nowadays, issues can’t be solved
through military force.
The hippies, uh, I mean people, believe that “soft power” is crucial to national security.“Soft power” is the ability of a country to persuade
others to do what it wants without force or coercion.
THE NEW GLOBAL AGENDA
Nuclear Proliferation Technology has allowed the
creation of nuclear weapons but the US has taken an initiative in denying these weapons to rogue states.
Countries with nuclear weapons: US, Russia, Britain, France,
China, India, and Pakistan Countries that are suspected of
having undeclared nuclear weapons:Israel and North Korea
Countries seeking nuclear weapons:Iran
THE NEW GLOBAL AGENDA
International EconomyInterdependency is the modern word used to
describe international economy.Interdependency is the actions of nations that
affect one another's economic lifelines.Within international trades, tariffs are placed.
They act as special taxes that are added to imported goods that raises the price which allows American businesses and workers from foreign competition.
Balance of trade is the ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned from exports.Lately, the US has been paying more for imports
than it is receiving from exports. This is the reason the value of the dollar has declined.
THE NEW GLOBAL AGENDA
International EconomyEnergy
One of our import payments is to OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an
economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.
THE NEW GLOBAL AGENDA