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PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU
Eastern Illinois University1© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
An Introduction to Macroeconomics
Where the telescope ends, the microscope begins. Which of the two has the grander view?
VICTOR HUGO
Drawing a Line• Drawing a line between macroeconomics
and microeconomics• Microeconomics
– Decisions of individual units• No matter how large
• Macroeconomics– Behavior of entire economies
• No matter how small– Economic aggregates
2© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Drawing a Line• Aggregation
– Combine many individual markets into one overall market
• Composition of demand and supply– In various markets– Important for microeconomics issues– Not important for macroeconomics issues
• During economic fluctuations– Markets – move up or down together
3© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Drawing a Line• Macroeconomics
– Assume most details• Resource allocation and income distribution• Relatively unimportant
• Microeconomics– Ignore macroeconomics issues– Focus on individual markets
• Allocate resources• Distribute income
4© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Macroeconomics
• Aggregate demand curve– Quantity of domestic product that is
demanded at each possible value of the price level
• Aggregate supply curve– Quantity of domestic product that is
supplied at each possible value of the price level
5© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 1Two interpretations of a shift in the demand curve
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© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Macroeconomics• Inflation
– Sustained increase in the general price level
• Recession – A period of time during which the total
output of the economy declines • Production falls• People lose jobs
– Leftward shift of aggregate demand curve
7© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 2An Economy Slipping into a Recession
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© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Macroeconomics
• Macroeconomists study– Inflation– Recession and unemployment– Economic growth
9© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 3Economic Growth
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© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Gross Domestic Product
• Gross domestic product (GDP)– Sum of the money values of all final
goods and services– Produced in the domestic economy and
sold on organized markets – During a specified period of time, usually
a year
11© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Gross Domestic Product
• Nominal GDP– GDP in current dollars– Calculated by valuing all outputs at
current prices• Real GDP
– Calculated by valuing outputs of different years at common prices
– Better measure than nominal GDP of changes in total production
12© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Gross Domestic Product
• GDP - particular year– Add up money value of things– Goods and services
• Produced within the year– Final goods and services– Production: geographic boundaries of U.S.– Organized markets
13© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Gross Domestic Product
• Final goods and services– Purchased by their ultimate users
• Intermediate good - purchased– For resale– For use in producing another good
14© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Gross Domestic Product
• Limitations of GDP– Not a measure of the nation’s economic
well-being– Includes only market activity– Places no value on leisure– Counted: “Bads” and “Goods”– Ecological costs are not netted out of the
GDP
15© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• U.S. economy– Growth – with fluctuations
• Macroeconomic fluctuations– Business cycles
• Real GDP per capita– Ratio of real GDP divided by population
16© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 4Nominal GDP, Real GDP, and Real GDP per Capita since 1959
17© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 5The Growth Rate of U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product since 1870
18© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Inflation– Sustained increase in the general price
level• Deflation
– Sustained decrease in the general price level
19© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 6The Inflation Rate in the United States since 1870
20© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• The Great Depression, 1929-1933– Decline in economic activity– Rapid deflation– Production declined 30%– Business investment ceased – Unemployment rate
• Increased from 3% to 25%– World-wide event
21© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• The Great Depression, 1929-1933– Revolution in economic thought
• Before: economy corrects itself• After: decrease in aggregate demand
– Monetary & fiscal policy
– Ended: early 1940s
22© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• From WWII to 1973– Increased government spending
• Increased aggregate demand• Accidental fiscal policy• Price controls• Shortage: consumer goods
– 1960s – strong growth– Vietnam war – increased spending
• Inflation and high unemployment– Wage and price controls
23© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Fiscal policy– Government spending and taxation– Used to steer aggregate demand
• Stagflation– Inflation– While economy
• Growing slowly (“stagnating”)• Or recession
24© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• The Great Stagflation, 1973-1980– OPEC – 1973 oil prices quadrupled– Poor harvests– Recession
• Inflation rate: 12%• High unemployment
– Stagflation– Inward shift of aggregate supply
25© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• The Great Stagflation, 1973-1980– Economy recovered
• Government actions• Natural economic forces
– 1979 – OPEC soaring oil prices• Stagflation • Inflation: 16%
26© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 7The Effects of an Adverse Supply Shift
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© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Reaganomics and its aftermath– Recovery underway– High inflation– Federal Reserve
• Monetary policy, High interest rate
• Monetary policy– Actions – Federal Reserve
• Change interest rates• Influence aggregate demand
28© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Reaganomics and its aftermath– 1981-1982 recession– Large budget deficits– Recovery started 1982-1983– President Bush
• Inflation• Deficit-reduction package• Spike in oil prices• 1990-1991 recession
29© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Clintonomics: deficit reduction and the “New Economy”– Deficit-reduction package, 1993 & 1997
• Tax increase & spending cuts– Large surplus– Economy boomed– Lower inflation– Aggregate supply curves
• Pushed outward – rapid pace, 1996 – 1998
30© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 8The Effects of a Favorable Supply Shift
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© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Tax cuts and the Bush economy– 2001 recession, the first in 10 years– Tax cut 2001– Budget deficit– Burst of government spending
• War on terror– Aggregate demand – shift outward– Federal Reserve
• Lowered interest rate
32© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Obamanomics and the Great Recession– January 2009, economy was sinking
• Jobs - disappearing at a rapid pace– More tax cuts– A burst of federal spending– Large-scale aid to state and local
governments
33© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
The Economy on a Roller Coaster
• Obamanomics and the Great Recession– Bush, Obama administrations, the Fed
• Variety of unprecedented emergency measures - to rescue the collapsing financial system
– Summer 2009, the Great Recession was over
– Economy started growing again– High unemployment
34© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Macroeconomic Stabilization
• Stabilization policy – Government programs designed to
prevent or shorten recessions– And to counteract inflation
• To stabilize prices
35© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Macroeconomic Stabilization
• Combating unemployment– Increase aggregate demand
• Government - Fiscal policy– Increase spending and / or cut taxes
• Federal Reserve - Monetary policy– Lower interest rates
– Increase output– Reduce unemployment– Raise prices
36© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 9Stabilization Policy to Fight Unemployment
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Increase in output
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Macroeconomic Stabilization
• Combating inflation– Decrease aggregate demand
• Government - Fiscal policy– Cut spending and / or increase taxes
• Federal Reserve - Monetary policy– Increase interest rates
– Decrease inflation (decrease prices)– Decrease output– Increase unemployment
38© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 10Stabilization Policy to Fight Inflation
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Decrease in prices
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
B
Stabilization policy
• Prewar data– Fluctuations – unmanaged economy
• Booms & recessions– “Natural” economic reasons
• Little government intervention
40© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Stabilization policy
• Postwar data– Economy - managed by government
policy• Successfully or unsuccessfully
– Recessions - less severe– More inflation-prone
41© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.