Chapter 22Chapter 22

Cold War and Post War ChangesCold War and Post War Changes

SECTION 1

Aftermath of War in Europe

At the end of WWII, the At the end of WWII, the Allied nations had Allied nations had

trouble determining how trouble determining how to keep peace in Europe.to keep peace in Europe.

SECTION 1

Aftermath of War in Europe

Victory over the Axis powers Victory over the Axis powers brought on a whole new set of brought on a whole new set of

problems.problems.

To some degree, these problems were To some degree, these problems were the result of decisions they had made the result of decisions they had made

during the war.during the war.

SECTION 1

Aftermath of War in Europe

1943 – The 1943 – The ““Big ThreeBig Three”” met in met in Tehran, IranTehran, Iran

… decided to defeat Germany ontwo fronts – Western Allies wouldattack from the west while Sovietforces would attack from the east.

Section 1Section 1

I.I. Peace and the New WarPeace and the New War

A.A. After the end of WWII, a new After the end of WWII, a new

conflict emerged, the Cold War.conflict emerged, the Cold War.

The Cold War was an ideological The Cold War was an ideological conflict conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.Union.

B.B. The division between Western Europe The division between Western Europe and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe was the beginning of the Cold War.was the beginning of the Cold War.

The Soviet Union feared the capitalist The Soviet Union feared the capitalist West.West.

The United States feared communism.The United States feared communism.

C.C. In February 1945, Britain, U.S., and the In February 1945, Britain, U.S., and the Soviet Union met at Yalta in southern Russia.Soviet Union met at Yalta in southern Russia.

By that time, they knew the Germans By that time, they knew the Germans were were beaten.beaten.

The Soviets were in control of much of The Soviets were in control of much of Eastern and Central Europe.Eastern and Central Europe.

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

D.D. Roosevelt (U.S. President) Roosevelt (U.S. President) favored the idea of favored the idea of

self-determination for Europe.self-determination for Europe.

This meant that each country This meant that each country would choose its own form of would choose its own form of government.government.

Stalin (Soviet leader) wanted a Stalin (Soviet leader) wanted a Communist buffer state between Communist buffer state between Western Europe and the Soviet Union.Western Europe and the Soviet Union.

E.E. Stalin feared that the Eastern European Stalin feared that the Eastern European nations would be anti-Soviet if they were nations would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed free elections.allowed free elections.

F.F. Roosevelt wanted to create the Roosevelt wanted to create the

United Nations an organization to help United Nations an organization to help resolve international disagreements.resolve international disagreements.

Britain, U.S., and Soviet Union Britain, U.S., and Soviet Union accepted accepted RooseveltRoosevelt’’s plans and founded the s plans and founded the

United Nations in April, 1945.United Nations in April, 1945.

G.G. The Allies agreed to divide The Allies agreed to divide Germany into four zones.Germany into four zones.

The zones would be occupied and The zones would be occupied and governed bygoverned by

France, Britain, France, Britain,

U.S., and the U.S., and the

Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

H.H. The Potsdam Conference was held The Potsdam Conference was held

in July 1945.in July 1945.

Roosevelt had died in late Roosevelt had died in late April 1945, April 1945,

being replaced by Harry Truman.being replaced by Harry Truman.

Truman demanded free Truman demanded free elections throughout Eastern elections throughout Eastern Europe, Europe, but Stalin refused.but Stalin refused.

SECTION 1

Aftermath of War in EuropeDecisions made at PotsdamDecisions made at Potsdam

Germany should remain a single Germany should remain a single country, although it would be country, although it would be divided for the time being.divided for the time being.

Germany must be demilitarized.Germany must be demilitarized. Nazi Party outlawed.Nazi Party outlawed. GovGov’’t rebuilt on a democratic t rebuilt on a democratic

basis.basis. War crimes trials would be held.War crimes trials would be held.

SECTION 1

Aftermath of War in EuropeNuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials

1945-461945-46 Special international Special international

courtcourt Charged 22 Nazi Charged 22 Nazi

leaders with crimes leaders with crimes against humanityagainst humanity

I.I. Many Western leaders Many Western leaders thought that the Soviets thought that the Soviets intended intended to spread to spread communism communism throughout the world.throughout the world.

The Soviets saw the U.S. as The Soviets saw the U.S. as promoters of global capitalist promoters of global capitalist expansion.expansion.

J.J. In March 1946, WinstonChurchill In March 1946, WinstonChurchill

(Prime Minister of Britain) declared that an (Prime Minister of Britain) declared that an ““iron curtainiron curtain””had divided the continent.had divided the continent.

The The Iron CurtainIron Curtain served to keep people served to keep people in in and information out of communist and information out of communist controlled countries.This iron curtain controlled countries.This iron curtain divided divided Europe into two hostile sides.Europe into two hostile sides.

Stalin viewed ChurchillStalin viewed Churchill’’s speech as a s speech as a ““call to war with the Soviet Union.call to war with the Soviet Union.””

Iron CurtainIron Curtain

SECTION 2

Origins of the Cold War

United States aids Europe…United States aids Europe… Civil war broke out in Greece in Civil war broke out in Greece in

1944 between communists and 1944 between communists and conservatives.conservatives.

GB had intervened and declared a GB had intervened and declared a truce.truce.

In 1946 the communists renewed In 1946 the communists renewed the war.the war.

In February 1947, the British told In February 1947, the British told Truman they could no longer afford Truman they could no longer afford to keep their soldiers in Greece. to keep their soldiers in Greece.

A.A. In early 1947 President Harry S Truman In early 1947 President Harry S Truman issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated that the United States would give money to that the United States would give money to countries threatened by Communist countries threatened by Communist expansion.expansion.

This would not endThis would not end

communism, but communism, but

help to stop the help to stop the

spread of spread of

communism.communism.

SECTION 2

Origins of the Cold War

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Declared the US must consider the Declared the US must consider the

continued spread of communism to be a continued spread of communism to be a threat to democracythreat to democracy

The US would support free peoples resisted The US would support free peoples resisted takeover by communismtakeover by communism

Asked Congress to provide $400 million to Asked Congress to provide $400 million to help defend Greece and Turkey from help defend Greece and Turkey from communist aggressioncommunist aggression

B.B. The United States was concerned that The United States was concerned that communism would spread throughout the communism would spread throughout the free world if left unchecked.free world if left unchecked.

In June 1947, the European In June 1947, the European Recovery Program, known as the Recovery Program, known as the

Marshall Plan, began.Marshall Plan, began.

This program This program

was set up to was set up to

rebuild war-torn rebuild war-torn

Europe.Europe.

C.C. The Soviet Union and its The Soviet Union and its economically and politically economically and politically dependent Eastern European dependent Eastern European satellite states refused to satellite states refused to participate in the Marshall Plan. participate in the Marshall Plan.

D.D. In 1947, the United States adopted In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of containment to keep the policy of containment to keep communism within its existing communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves.Soviet aggressive moves.

E.E. By 1948, Great Britain, United By 1948, Great Britain, United States, States, and and France worked to unify the France worked to unify the

three western sections of three western sections of Germany and Berlin.Germany and Berlin.

The Federal Republic of Germany, The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, or West Germany,

was formally was formally

created in created in

September of September of

1949.1949.

F.F. The Soviets opposed the creation of The Soviets opposed the creation of West Germany and formed their West Germany and formed their own communist country with their own communist country with their portion of Germany.portion of Germany.

In October 1949, the German In October 1949, the German Democratic Republic, or Democratic Republic, or

East East Germany was set up Germany was set up

by the Soviets.by the Soviets.

Berlin was divided into two parts.Berlin was divided into two parts.

II.II. The spread of the Cold WarThe spread of the Cold War

A.A. Chinese Communists took control Chinese Communists took control of the government of China in 1949.of the government of China in 1949.

The fall of China to communism The fall of China to communism and the Soviet Unionand the Soviet Union’’s s

development of the development of the atomic bomb in atomic bomb in August 1949 August 1949 began the arms race.began the arms race.

Soviet Union and U.S. started to Soviet Union and U.S. started to build up their armies and build up their armies and

weapons.weapons.

B.B. In April 1949, the North Atlantic In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed.formed.

This military alliance, included This military alliance, included Great Britain, France, Great Britain, France,

United States, Canada, United States, Canada,

and other Western and other Western

European nations, European nations,

agreed to help if any agreed to help if any

one of them were attacked.one of them were attacked.

C.C. In 1955, the Soviet Union, Albania, In 1955, the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East

Germany, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Hungary, Poland, and Romania formed Romania formed the military alliance the military alliance called the called the Warsaw Pact.Warsaw Pact.

D. D. After Japanese forces surrendered during After Japanese forces surrendered during WWII the United States and the WWII the United States and the

Soviet Union shared control of Korea.Soviet Union shared control of Korea.

They divided Korea at the 38th parallel They divided Korea at the 38th parallel line, line, with the Soviet Union taking control in the with the Soviet Union taking control in the

north and the United States in the south. north and the United States in the south.

Communist Victory in ChinaCommunist Victory in China

Communist leader Mao Zedong defeated the Communist leader Mao Zedong defeated the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek in Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek in China in 1949.China in 1949.

Korean War Korean War (1950-1953)(1950-1953)

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

After WWII, Korea was divided into North and South Korea. North Korea was communist and South Korea was a democracy..

Korean War Korean War (1950-1953)(1950-1953)

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

After WWII, Korea was divided into North and South Korea. North Korea was communist and South Korea was a democracy..

A.A. The Korean War began in June 1950 The Korean War began in June 1950 when the Communist government when the Communist government of North Korea tried to take over of North Korea tried to take over South Korea.South Korea.

B.B. The Communist quickly captured Seoul, The Communist quickly captured Seoul, the South Korean capital. In September the South Korean capital. In September 1950, 1950, the United States and South Korea the United States and South Korea launched launched an attack.an attack.

As the U.S. troops As the U.S. troops

approached the border approached the border

between Korea and China, between Korea and China,

China felt threatened.China felt threatened.

Sept – Nov 1950

C.C. China sent several hundred thousand China sent several hundred thousand Chinese soldiers to join those of Chinese soldiers to join those of North North Korea. This combined force drove Korea. This combined force drove the U.S. the U.S. troops back south of the 38troops back south of the 38thth parallel.parallel.

Nov 1950 – Feb 1951

D.D. In response, General Douglas MacArthur In response, General Douglas MacArthur wanted to bomb China. President Truman wanted to bomb China. President Truman disagreed fearing it might lead to a third disagreed fearing it might lead to a third

world war.world war.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 promising to end the president in 1952 promising to end the Korean War.Korean War.

E.E. The two sides finally signed a ceasefire The two sides finally signed a ceasefire agreement in July 1953. The dividing line agreement in July 1953. The dividing line was almost exactly where it had been was almost exactly where it had been before before the war.the war.

10 Million people died in the Korean war136,935 American casualties

New Soviet LeaderNew Soviet Leader Stalin dies in 1953 of a Stalin dies in 1953 of a

stroke.stroke. Nikita Khrushchev becomes Nikita Khrushchev becomes

the new Soviet premier. He the new Soviet premier. He then visits the US.then visits the US.

Tensions were eased until Tensions were eased until the U2 spy plane incident.the U2 spy plane incident.

U2 spy plane incident U2 spy plane incident

An US spy plane An US spy plane was shot down over was shot down over the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

Tensions rise again.Tensions rise again.

McCarthyismMcCarthyism

The Cold War led to widespread The Cold War led to widespread fear that Communists had fear that Communists had infiltrated the United States.infiltrated the United States.

Senator Joseph R. McCarthy Senator Joseph R. McCarthy charged that hundreds of charged that hundreds of communists were in high communists were in high government positions, this was known as government positions, this was known as McCarthyismMcCarthyism

This created a massiveThis created a massive““Red Scare.Red Scare.””

Suspected CommunistsSuspected Communists

Marlon BrandoMarlon Brando

Lucille BallLucille Ball

Walt DisneyWalt Disney

Humphrey BogartHumphrey Bogart

Julius and Ethel Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – accused of Rosenberg – accused of providing the Soviets with providing the Soviets with atomic energy secrets in atomic energy secrets in WWII. They were WWII. They were executed in 1953.executed in 1953.

In 1957, the Soviets sent In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik ISputnik I,,

the first man-made space satellite, the first man-made space satellite, to orbit the earth.to orbit the earth.

Americans feared Americans feared

there was a missile there was a missile

gap between the gap between the

Soviet Union and Soviet Union and

the United States.the United States.

CubaCuba 1959 – Fidel Castro overthrew the gov. of Cuba 1959 – Fidel Castro overthrew the gov. of Cuba

and established a communist dictatorship with and established a communist dictatorship with strong ties to the Soviet Union.strong ties to the Soviet Union.

1960 John F. Kennedy is elected President of 1960 John F. Kennedy is elected President of the U.S. He learns that Eisenhower had the U.S. He learns that Eisenhower had developed a plan to use the CIA to overthrow developed a plan to use the CIA to overthrow Castro.Castro.

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs The CIA had trained The CIA had trained

and supplied a group and supplied a group of 1500 Cuban of 1500 Cuban refugees to invade refugees to invade Cuba and overthrow Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro. Fidel Castro.

The plan was set into The plan was set into motion on April 17, motion on April 17, 1961, but the rebels 1961, but the rebels were all captured and were all captured and the plan failed to get the plan failed to get anywhere close to anywhere close to Castro.Castro.

Crisis in BerlinCrisis in BerlinIn August 1961, on the In August 1961, on the orders of the Soviet leader orders of the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev, the the East German government East German government began to build a wall began to build a wall between West Berlin and between West Berlin and East Berlin in order to stop East Berlin in order to stop the flow of East Germans the flow of East Germans escaping into West Berlin.escaping into West Berlin.

III.III. The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

A.A. In 1962 Khrushchev began to place In 1962 Khrushchev began to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to nuclear missiles in Cuba to

counteract U.S. nuclear counteract U.S. nuclear weapons weapons placed in Turkey, close to placed in Turkey, close to the the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

B.B. In October 1962, President In October 1962, President Kennedy found out that Soviet Kennedy found out that Soviet ships carrying nuclear missiles ships carrying nuclear missiles were headed to Cuba.were headed to Cuba.

So he ordered a blockade of Cuba So he ordered a blockade of Cuba to stop the ships from reaching Cuba.to stop the ships from reaching Cuba.

C.C. Khrushchev agreed to send the Khrushchev agreed to send the ships back and remove nuclear ships back and remove nuclear

missiles in Cuba if Kennedy missiles in Cuba if Kennedy agreed agreed not to invade Cuba.not to invade Cuba.

Kennedy agreed.Kennedy agreed.

The Cuban missile crisis brought The Cuban missile crisis brought the world close to nuclear war.the world close to nuclear war.

Results of the Cuban Missile CrisisResults of the Cuban Missile Crisis Both countries were shaken up by the incidentBoth countries were shaken up by the incident The US, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain The US, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain

signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty to end the signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty to end the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere and underwater.and underwater.

A direct line, called the Washington-Moscow A direct line, called the Washington-Moscow Hotline, was set up between the US and Soviet Hotline, was set up between the US and Soviet Union to be able to communicate in future Union to be able to communicate in future conflicts. conflicts.

IV.IV. Vietnam and the Domino TheoryVietnam and the Domino Theory

A.A. The Vietnam War had an The Vietnam War had an important impact on the Cold War.important impact on the Cold War.

Its purpose was to keep the Communist Its purpose was to keep the Communist government of North Vietnam from gaining government of North Vietnam from gaining control of South Vietnam.control of South Vietnam.

B.B. The U.S. applied the domino theory to the The U.S. applied the domino theory to the Vietnam War.Vietnam War.

According to this theory, if South Vietnam fell According to this theory, if South Vietnam fell to communism, then other countries in Asia to communism, then other countries in Asia would fall like dominos to communism.would fall like dominos to communism.

C.C. The Geneva Accord, signed in 1954, divided The Geneva Accord, signed in 1954, divided Vietnam into two zones at the 17Vietnam into two zones at the 17thth parallel. parallel.

Ho Chi Minh began to build a communist Ho Chi Minh began to build a communist state in the north zone. state in the north zone.

Ngo Dinh Diem was president of the Ngo Dinh Diem was president of the

non-communist government in the south.non-communist government in the south.

July 1954July 1954

Ho Chi Minh

Ngo Dinh Diem

In 1960, the northern Communist Party formed the National Liberation Front (NLF),

The NLF soon became known as the Viet Cong, or Vietnamese Communists.

The Vietcong 1960The Vietcong 1960 The Viet Cong began a The Viet Cong began a

guerrilla war in South guerrilla war in South Vietnam.Vietnam.

Their goal was to Their goal was to overthrow the overthrow the government led by government led by Ngo Ngo Dinh DiemDinh Diem. .

Diem was assassinated in Diem was assassinated in 19631963

Kennedy’s assassinationKennedy’s assassination Weeks after Diem’s assassination, Weeks after Diem’s assassination, Kennedy Kennedy

was assassinated in Dallas. was assassinated in Dallas. Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson was Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson was

sworn in as president soon afterwards.sworn in as president soon afterwards.

Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution The U.S.S. Maddox was The U.S.S. Maddox was

“attacked” by the North “attacked” by the North Vietnamese. Vietnamese.

Congress passed the Congress passed the Gulf of Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1963) Tonkin Resolution (1963) which which gave the president gave the president authority to take “all authority to take “all necessary measures to repel necessary measures to repel any armed attack against any armed attack against forces of the United States.forces of the United States.””

Johnson called for an Johnson called for an escalation of US forcesescalation of US forces in in Vietnam which meant Vietnam which meant instituting the instituting the draftdraft..

The fightingThe fighting The land of SE Asia is covered The land of SE Asia is covered

with jungle vegetation making with jungle vegetation making it hard to see the enemy. it hard to see the enemy.

Even if we were able to see our Even if we were able to see our enemy, most troops had a hard enemy, most troops had a hard time distinguishing between the time distinguishing between the good guys and the bad guys. good guys and the bad guys.

The US hoped to use our air The US hoped to use our air power to drop bombs on the power to drop bombs on the supply line, called the Ho Chi supply line, called the Ho Chi Minh TrailMinh Trail..

Operation Rolling ThunderOperation Rolling Thunder

In early 1965, U.S. President In early 1965, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson ordered the Lyndon Johnson ordered the first of many sustained first of many sustained bombing missions over bombing missions over North Vietnam , which North Vietnam , which would be known as would be known as Operation Rolling ThunderOperation Rolling Thunder

March 8, 1965 – First American combat troops arrive – 3,500 US Marines

The ground warThe ground warUS forces carried out search-and-destroy US forces carried out search-and-destroy missions that attempted to drive out the missions that attempted to drive out the Vietcong from their hideouts. Vietcong from their hideouts.

The casualties mounted up for the North The casualties mounted up for the North Vietnam but their will to fight continued.Vietnam but their will to fight continued.

As years passed, the US moral declined.As years passed, the US moral declined.

ProtestProtest

An An antiwar movement began in the United antiwar movement began in the United States as a result of the growing numbers of States as a result of the growing numbers of American troops sent to VietnamAmerican troops sent to Vietnam, which was , which was broadcast on television.broadcast on television.

Incidents such as the police riot in Chicago Incidents such as the police riot in Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National during the 1968 Democratic National Convention became more common,Convention became more common,

including including the shootings of Kent State the shootings of Kent State University student protestors in 1970University student protestors in 1970..

Tet OffensiveTet Offensive January 30, 1968 marked the January 30, 1968 marked the

start of the start of the Tet, which is the Tet, which is the Vietnamese New YearVietnamese New Year..

The holiday usually came The holiday usually came with a lull in fighting but with a lull in fighting but 1968 was different. The 1968 was different. The North Vietnamese had North Vietnamese had planned a huge offensive.planned a huge offensive.

The The month long battle proved month long battle proved that the US could not totally that the US could not totally control South Vietnam. control South Vietnam.

More Americans began to More Americans began to oppose the war.oppose the war.

President Johnson decided not to President Johnson decided not to run for reelection because of public run for reelection because of public opinion against his handling of the opinion against his handling of the war.war.

Richard Nixon won the election Richard Nixon won the election with the promise to end the war.with the promise to end the war.

VietnamizationVietnamization The plan called for The plan called for

pulling US troops out of pulling US troops out of Vietnam and turning the Vietnam and turning the fight over to the South fight over to the South Vietnamese to achieve Vietnamese to achieve “peace with honor.“peace with honor.””

January 27, 1973

War Ends!

Fall of SaigonFall of Saigon

2 years after the war ended, North Vietnam 2 years after the war ended, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam.invaded South Vietnam.

On April 30, 1975, South Vietnam On April 30, 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnamsurrendered to North Vietnam..

ConsequencesConsequences 58,000 died and 350,000 58,000 died and 350,000

American casualties. American casualties. Between one and two million Between one and two million

Vietnamese deaths.Vietnamese deaths.

November 13, 1982

II.II. Western Europe: The move toward Western Europe: The move toward UnityUnity

A.A. After WWII, many Europeans After WWII, many Europeans wanted European unity.wanted European unity.

Nationalism, however, was too Nationalism, however, was too strong for European nations to strong for European nations to

give give up their sovereignty.up their sovereignty.

Instead the countries focused on Instead the countries focused on economic unity.economic unity.

B.B. In 1957, France, West Germany, In 1957, France, West Germany, Italy, and other European Italy, and other European countries created the European countries created the European Economic Community (EEC), also Economic Community (EEC), also known as the Common Market.known as the Common Market.

The EEC would impose no tariffs The EEC would impose no tariffs on each otheron each other’’s goods.s goods.

C.C. By the 1960s, the EEC was an By the 1960s, the EEC was an important trading bloc.important trading bloc.

A bloc is a group of nations with A bloc is a group of nations with a common purpose.a common purpose.

III.III. The United States in the 1950sThe United States in the 1950s

A.A. Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals of Franklin Rooseveltof Franklin Roosevelt’’s New Deal s New Deal

determined the patterns of determined the patterns of American domestic American domestic

policy.policy.

B.B. Prosperity at home and Cold WarProsperity at home and Cold War

struggles abroad characterized the struggles abroad characterized the 1950s in the United States.1950s in the United States.

Between 1945 and 1973 real wages Between 1945 and 1973 real wages grew an average of 3 percent a grew an average of 3 percent a year.year.

Real wages is the actual purchasing Real wages is the actual purchasing power of income.power of income.

IV.IV. The United States in the 1960sThe United States in the 1960s

A.A. President John F. Kennedy, the President John F. Kennedy, the youngest youngest elected president of the United States, was elected president of the United States, was assassinated in 1963.assassinated in 1963.

Vice President Lyndon Johnson became Vice President Lyndon Johnson became president and was elected in a landslide president and was elected in a landslide victory to another term in 1964.victory to another term in 1964.

B.B. President JohnsonPresident Johnson’’s Great Society s Great Society programs included health care for programs included health care for the elderly, measures to fight the elderly, measures to fight poverty, and aid to education.poverty, and aid to education.

The U.S. civil rights movement The U.S. civil rights movement began in 1954 with the Supreme began in 1954 with the Supreme Court ruling that made racial Court ruling that made racial segregation in public schools illegal.segregation in public schools illegal.

C.C. In 1963 the Reverend Martin In 1963 the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, led a march civil rights movement, led a march on Washington, D.C., for equality.on Washington, D.C., for equality.

He advocated the use of passive He advocated the use of passive disobedience in gaining racial disobedience in gaining racial equality.equality.

D.D. President Johnson worked for civil President Johnson worked for civil rights.rights.

In 1964 the Civil Rights Act helped In 1964 the Civil Rights Act helped end segregation and discrimination end segregation and discrimination in the workplace and in public in the workplace and in public places.places.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it easier for African made it easier for African

Americans to Americans to vote in southern states.vote in southern states.

E.E. In 1968 protest broke out in over a In 1968 protest broke out in over a hundred cities over the hundred cities over the continuation of the Vietnam War continuation of the Vietnam War and the assassination of and the assassination of

Martin Luther Martin Luther King, Jr.King, Jr.

James Earl RayJames Earl RayLorraine Motel in Memphis, TNLorraine Motel in Memphis, TN

V.V. The Emergence of a New SocietyThe Emergence of a New Society

A.A. Postwar Western society had a Postwar Western society had a changing social structure.changing social structure.

Managers and technicians joined theManagers and technicians joined the middle class and farming declined. middle class and farming declined.

Industrial workers declined as Industrial workers declined as white-collar workers increased.white-collar workers increased.

B.B. A consumer society developed as the A consumer society developed as the real wages increased.real wages increased.

Buying on credit became Buying on credit became widespread during the 1950s.widespread during the 1950s.

The automobile was a sign of consumerism.The automobile was a sign of consumerism.

C.C. Women in many Western countries Women in many Western countries had gained the right to vote after had gained the right to vote after World War I.World War I.

Women in France Women in France

and Italy gained and Italy gained

voting rights in 1945.voting rights in 1945.

D.D. Birthrates rose, creating a Birthrates rose, creating a ““baby boombaby boom”” in the in the late 1940s and the 1950s.late 1940s and the 1950s.

By the end of the 1950s, birthrates By the end of the 1950s, birthrates declined.declined.

E.E. Married women entered the workforce.Married women entered the workforce.

Women earned much less than men Women earned much less than men do for equal work.do for equal work.

Many women worked and raised a Many women worked and raised a family at the same time.family at the same time.

F.F. By the late 1960s, women renewed By the late 1960s, women renewed their interest in the womentheir interest in the women’’s s liberation movement.liberation movement.

Author Simone de Beauvoir Author Simone de Beauvoir

wrote wrote She Came to StayShe Came to Stay

which influenced both which influenced both

the American and the American and

European womenEuropean women’’s s

movements.movements.