Chapter 22

Europe: The End of the Middle Ages

The Rise of the Secular State

The impact of economic change Popes & Mendicant Orders check heresy Spiritual problem of prosperity Loss of respect for Church

• Taxes

• Fees

The French Monarchy

Louis IX – St. Louis (1226-70)• Parliament of Paris

• Heard appeals of local administrative agents and from courts of feudal lords

• Established legal basis for royal claims to supremacy over all subjects

• Crusades 1248 & 1270

• Canonized • Crusades

• Political value

St. Louis

The English Monarchy

Henry III (1216-72)• 1225 reconfirms Magna Carta

• 1240 out of favor with English Barons over policy

• 1258 Heavily in debt – asks barons to reform government

• Simon de Montfort gains control – defeated by Edward 1265

Lateran Council of 1215

Trial by Ordeal

Edward I and Parliament

Edward I (1272-1307): 2 objectives• Restore royal authority

• Become supreme ruler of the British Isles Edward makes greater use of Parliament

• Get advice on policy, Settle difficult legal cases, Make statutes, and obtain grants of taxes

• “Model Parliament” - 1295• Representatives of all counties and towns

France Under Philip the Fair (1287-1314)

French barons struggle to preserve local rights Bureaucrats grow enormously during reign Spent large part of reign warring with great

vassals (King of England & Count of Flanders) Difficulty in raising taxes

• Explains military weakness

• Estates General never becomes as powerful as English Parliament

Ideas that Distinguish the Modern Sovereign State

The welfare of the state was the greatest good

The defense of the realm was the greatest necessity

Opposition to duly constituted authority was the greatest evil

The Struggle with the Church

Boniface VIII (1294-1303)• Question of loyalties of clergy – to church

or state?

Popes of Avignon (1305-1378)• Known as the Babylonian Captivity

The Great Schism

Pope Gregory XI Returns to Rome (1377)

Pope Urban VI (1378-1389) Pope Clement VII (1378-1394) Council of Constance 1417

Bubonic Plague

The Little Ice Age, c. 1300 CE• Decline of agricultural output leads to

widespread famine

• Bubonic Plague spreads from south-west China• Carried by fleas on rodents

• Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese Interior

Spread of Plague

Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west

1346 Black Sea ports 1347 Mediterranean ports 1348 Western Europe

Path of the Plague

Symptoms of the Black Plague

Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area• Buboes, hence Bubonic

60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms

Extreme northern climates less affected• Winter hard on flea population

India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected• Reasons unknown

Population Decline (millions)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1300 CE 1400 CE 1500 CE

China

Europe

Social and Economic Effects

Massive labor shortage Demand for higher wages Population movements Governments attempt to freeze wages,

stop serf movements• Riots result

England in the Later Middle Ages

Edward II (1327-77)• Loved courtly magnificence and chivalric warfare

The Hundred Years’ War: The first phase • Edward & his son The Black Prince (also named

Edward) capture French King

• French pay ransom for king and cede 2/5’s of their country

• French have no intention of keeping treaty, launch war of attrition that exhausts England’s resources

Rebellion & Revolution

Richard (1377-1399) Barons rule inefficiently

• Peasant rebellion 1381

Richard tries to increase royal power 1386, fails to secure army

Duke of Lancaster takes thrown as Henry IV (1399-1413)

The Hundred Years’ War: The Second Phase

Henry V (1413-22) Forces Charles VI to accept treaty Henry VI – infant king Charles VII – Claims French thrown

Joan of Arc

The Defeat of England

Charles VII (1422-61)

Joan of Arc• “To make war on the Holy Kingdom of France

was to make war on the Lord Jesus.”