CHAPTER 22 LABORATORY CAREERS

Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1

CHAPTER 22CHAPTER 22

LABORATORY CAREERSLABORATORY CAREERS


Clinical Laboratory ScienceClinical Laboratory Science

Laboratory personnel do not usually have Laboratory personnel do not usually have contact with the patientcontact with the patient

Excellent vision and manual dexterity is Excellent vision and manual dexterity is neededneeded


Box 22-1 Laboratory CareersBox 22-1 Laboratory Careers


Clinical Laboratory ScienceClinical Laboratory Science (Continued)(Continued)

PathologistPathologist Medical doctor who examines specimens of body Medical doctor who examines specimens of body

tissue, fluids, and secretions to diagnose diseasetissue, fluids, and secretions to diagnose disease EducationEducation

• Medical schoolMedical school• Specialized education and trainingSpecialized education and training

Clinical laboratory scientist (CLS)Clinical laboratory scientist (CLS) Also called Also called laboratory technologistlaboratory technologist Performs clinical laboratory testing and analyzes Performs clinical laboratory testing and analyzes

resultsresults EducationEducation

• Bachelor’s degree plus 1 year training programBachelor’s degree plus 1 year training program• CT (Certified Technologist) requirementCT (Certified Technologist) requirement

Bachelor’s degree and examinationBachelor’s degree and examination


Clinical Laboratory ScienceClinical Laboratory Science (Continued)(Continued)

CytotechnologistCytotechnologist CLS who specializes in preparation and screening CLS who specializes in preparation and screening

of cells for diagnosisof cells for diagnosis Chemistry technologistChemistry technologist

CLS who specializes in analyzing body fluids and CLS who specializes in analyzing body fluids and wasteswastes


Clinical Laboratory Science (Continued)Clinical Laboratory Science (Continued)

Clinical laboratory technician (CLT)/Medical Clinical laboratory technician (CLT)/Medical laboratory technician (MLT)laboratory technician (MLT) Works under the supervision of a laboratory Works under the supervision of a laboratory

technologist or pathologisttechnologist or pathologist EducationEducation

• Two years of trainingTwo years of training

• Some states require certification or licensureSome states require certification or licensure

Histology technician (HT)Histology technician (HT) Medical laboratory technician specializing in Medical laboratory technician specializing in

histologyhistology


Clinical Laboratory Science (Continued)Clinical Laboratory Science (Continued)

Medical laboratory assistantMedical laboratory assistant Perform routine tests under the supervision of the Perform routine tests under the supervision of the

technologist or other qualified personneltechnologist or other qualified personnel• EducationEducation

1 year of training in a hospital or a 2-year college or 1 year of training in a hospital or a 2-year college or vocational programvocational program

Certification is availableCertification is available

PhlebotomistPhlebotomist Obtain and process blood specimenObtain and process blood specimen EducationEducation

• Community college or vocational programCommunity college or vocational program• On the job trainingOn the job training


Table 22-1 Laboratory Careers Table 22-1 Laboratory Careers Educational Costs and EarningsEducational Costs and Earnings


Blood BankingBlood Banking

Careers in blood banking include:Careers in blood banking include: Donor recruitmentDonor recruitment Collection and processing of donor bloodCollection and processing of donor blood Testing and typing of bloodTesting and typing of blood Laboratory supervisionLaboratory supervision Teaching Teaching


Blood Banking (Continued)Blood Banking (Continued)

Careers in blood banking include:Careers in blood banking include: Specialists in blood bank technology (SBB)Specialists in blood bank technology (SBB)

• Select donors, draw blood, type blood, and run Select donors, draw blood, type blood, and run pretransfusion test to ensure safety of recipientpretransfusion test to ensure safety of recipient

Must be certified medical laboratory technologist and have Must be certified medical laboratory technologist and have a baccalaureate degreea baccalaureate degree

Completion of 12-month blood bank specialist programCompletion of 12-month blood bank specialist program


Life ScienceLife Science

Life scientist or researcher studies living Life scientist or researcher studies living organisms and life processes organisms and life processes Responsible for development of new drugs, plant Responsible for development of new drugs, plant

varieties, methods of treatment, and methods of varieties, methods of treatment, and methods of environmental protectionenvironmental protection

Education:Education:• Master’s degree or doctoral-level preparationMaster’s degree or doctoral-level preparation


Life Science (Continued)Life Science (Continued)

Careers in life science include:Careers in life science include: BiotechnologistBiotechnologist

• Explore the genetic design of plants and animalsExplore the genetic design of plants and animals

Microbiologist Microbiologist • Study bacteria, algae, ceruses, and other Study bacteria, algae, ceruses, and other

microorganisms that cause disease or may be used to microorganisms that cause disease or may be used to prevent diseaseprevent disease

VirologistVirologist• Specialize in researching the method by which viruses Specialize in researching the method by which viruses

infect cells and cause diseaseinfect cells and cause disease

MycologistMycologist• Study fungal organisms such as mold and yeastStudy fungal organisms such as mold and yeast


Life Science (Continued)Life Science (Continued)

Careers in life science include:Careers in life science include: Immunologist Immunologist

• Use the body’s defense mechanisms (antibodies) to fight Use the body’s defense mechanisms (antibodies) to fight diseasedisease

Biochemist Biochemist • Analyze the effect of hormones, enzymes, serums, and Analyze the effect of hormones, enzymes, serums, and

food on tissue and organs of animalsfood on tissue and organs of animals

Biochemistry technologistBiochemistry technologist

• Work under a biochemistWork under a biochemist

• Requires a 2-year associate degree or vocational Requires a 2-year associate degree or vocational programprogram


MicrobiologyMicrobiology

Study of life forms that can be seen only with Study of life forms that can be seen only with powerful magnificationpowerful magnification Microorganism (microbes) are present in the air Microorganism (microbes) are present in the air

and on the surfaces of all objectand on the surfaces of all object• Some cause no harm Some cause no harm • Normal flora are microorganisms that usually live in a Normal flora are microorganisms that usually live in a

certain location of the body. Resident microorganisms certain location of the body. Resident microorganisms are microorganisms that are always presentare microorganisms that are always present

• Transient microorganisms are found temporarilyTransient microorganisms are found temporarily• Parasites are microorganisms that harm the host Parasites are microorganisms that harm the host

organismorganism• Aerobic organisms survive can live in presence of Aerobic organisms survive can live in presence of

oxygenoxygen• Anaerobic cannot live in presence of oxygenAnaerobic cannot live in presence of oxygen


MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

Five major groups of microorganisms that Five major groups of microorganisms that cause disease in humans:cause disease in humans: Bacteria: most commonBacteria: most common Fungi: grows in groups or coloniesFungi: grows in groups or colonies Protozoans cause a variety of disordersProtozoans cause a variety of disorders Viruses: cause illness inside the cellViruses: cause illness inside the cell Rickettsiae: cannot live outside living tissueRickettsiae: cannot live outside living tissue


Table 22-4 Pathogenic Table 22-4 Pathogenic Microorganisms and Their Microorganisms and Their

Associated DiseasesAssociated Diseases


Figure 22-5 BacteriaFigure 22-5 Bacteria


InfectionInfection

Infection is a state of disease caused by the Infection is a state of disease caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the bodythe body Several factors must be present for a Several factors must be present for a

microorganism to cause diseasemicroorganism to cause disease• Portal of entry for the organismPortal of entry for the organism

• Microorganisms must have a mode of transmissionMicroorganisms must have a mode of transmission Transferred by direct contact or droplets of water in the airTransferred by direct contact or droplets of water in the air Transferred by other animals, plants, and fomitesTransferred by other animals, plants, and fomites


Figure 22-4 Infection ProcessFigure 22-4 Infection Process


EpidemiologyEpidemiology

Study of diseases occurring in human Study of diseases occurring in human populationspopulations Includes contagious (communicable) diseases and Includes contagious (communicable) diseases and

the distribution, causative factors, and prevalence the distribution, causative factors, and prevalence of infectious, chronic, and degenerative diseaseof infectious, chronic, and degenerative disease• Use demographic dataUse demographic data

Communicable diseasesCommunicable diseases• Caused by specific organisms that are capable of Caused by specific organisms that are capable of

producing a contagious diseaseproducing a contagious disease

Epidemic: outbreak of a disease that affects a Epidemic: outbreak of a disease that affects a large number of peoplelarge number of people


Secretions AnalysisSecretions Analysis

Study of secretions through separation of the Study of secretions through separation of the liquid and solid portions of a specimen using liquid and solid portions of a specimen using centrifugal forcecentrifugal force Specimen is spun at high speedSpecimen is spun at high speed Each portion can be then be seen under a Each portion can be then be seen under a

microscope or used for testingmicroscope or used for testing Clinical chemistry Clinical chemistry

• Deals with analysis of the serum portion of blood, urine, Deals with analysis of the serum portion of blood, urine, spinal fluid, and other body fluidsspinal fluid, and other body fluids

Hematology is the study of the components of Hematology is the study of the components of formed, or solid, elements of blood and blood-formed, or solid, elements of blood and blood-forming tissueforming tissue


ImmunologyImmunology

Study of how the blood cells prevent disease Study of how the blood cells prevent disease caused by microorganismscaused by microorganisms Immunohematology is a specialized branch of Immunohematology is a specialized branch of

immunologyimmunology

• Studies and identifies blood groupsStudies and identifies blood groups

• Uses 300 blood factors to cross-match blood before it is Uses 300 blood factors to cross-match blood before it is used for transfusionused for transfusion


Defense Systems of the BodyDefense Systems of the Body

First line of defense is the skinFirst line of defense is the skin Acts as a barrier to prevent microorganisms from Acts as a barrier to prevent microorganisms from

entering the bodyentering the body Second line of defense is the action of the Second line of defense is the action of the

phagocytic cells of the immune systemphagocytic cells of the immune system Immune system prevents infection by producing Immune system prevents infection by producing

antibodies and antitoxins to combat the action of antibodies and antitoxins to combat the action of pathogens that enter the bodypathogens that enter the body

Immunity can be either inborn or acquiredImmunity can be either inborn or acquired

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CHAPTER 22 LABORATORY CAREERS

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