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Key Terms
Charles Darwin Marie and Pierre
Curie Radioactivity Albert Einstein Louis Pasteur
Pasteurization Anesthetic Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud
Darwin’s Theories
Natural selection-creatures that are well adapted to their environment have a better chance of survival
Offspring inherit these features
Darwin’s Theories
Species will evolve or change to improve survival over time
His theory indicated humans were descendants from other animals
Differed from theory of creation in the Bible
Advance in Chemistry and Physics
1800’s chemists and physicists made landmark discoveries
1803 Joseph Dalton developed atomic theory Atoms of different
elements are themselves of different size and mass
Advances in Chemistry and
Physics 1871 Dmitri
Mendeleev- made the periodic table
Left gaps in the table knowing that some elements have yet to be discovered
Predicted scientists would find more elements than fit unto the table
Advances in Chemistry and Physics
1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discover polonium and radium
Radioactivity – the energy released by the breakdown of certain elements
1911 Ernest Rutherford called the center of an atom the nucleus and is made up of positively charge particles called protons
Einstein’s Genius
1905 discovers physics
Light is not only a wave but energy (used physics)
No particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light
Motion can only be measured by the observer
Einstein’s Genius
E = MC2- means that a small amount of mass can be converted to a huge amount of energy
One must include time in the study of space
Overturns Newton on how the universe works
Medical Breakthroughs
Preventing Disease 1870 Louis Pasteur
showed a link between microbes and disease
Bacteria was always present in the air and reproduce
Bacteria in the air- can make grape juice and milk sour
Medical Breakthroughs
Pasteurization- process of heating liquids and foods to a high temperature to kill bacteria Milk Cheese Juices Have been sterilized
through pasteurization
Medical Breakthroughs
Anthrax- threat to people and livestock
Injected animals with a weakened virus
Helped body to build antibodies to fight the disease
Developed a Rabies vaccine in 1895
Improving Medical Care
Crawford Long invented anesthetic called ether
Made patient unconscious/ first painless surgery
1860 Joseph Lister developed antiseptic Germ killing agent Reduce deaths from
45% to 15%
Improving Medical Care
Nursing schools trained large number of women
1900 5% of doctors were women
Public health care caused a dramatic drop in infant mortality
1800-240 deaths per thousand to 91 in 1898
New Ideas and Social Sciences
Psychology-study of the mind and human behavior
Ivan Pavlov-animals could be conditioned or taught Animals salivate at
smell or sight of food Dogs reacted the
same way to a bell because they got food after it rang
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious part of the mind contains thought that we are unaware of
Hypnotism- used to explore the unconscious mind
Encourage people to tell him about their dreams
Repressed thoughts cause mental illness
Psychoanalysis was his therapy