Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 616
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 617
AtlanticOcean
CANADA
UNITEDSTATES
Fresh Kills Landfill
Staten Island
New York City
New York
Long Island
Ch
apter 22, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure 2, P
age 617
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
THEN
: Fresh K
ills Land
fill in o
peratio
n.
NO
W: Fresh
Kills Lan
dfill site to
day.
Fig
ure 22.1
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Waste stream
with
steps to
redu
ce waste
Make industrial practices m
ore efficient
Waste stream
without steps to
reduce waste
Waste d
ispo
sal(lan
dfill, in
cinerato
r)
Minim
ize packaging for products
Purchase “green” consumer products
Com
post materials at hom
e
Recycle items
Reuse items
Municipal com
posting
Figure 22.2
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Yardtrimmings
Metals
Rubber,leather,andtextiles
Rubber, leather,and textiles
Wood Wood
Glass
Glass (5.6%)
Other (3.3%)
Other (4.3%)
Paper31.0%
Paper20.7%
Yardtrimmings
13.2%7.0%
Foodscraps12.7%
Food scraps18.6%
Plastics12.0% Plastics
16.8%
Metals8.4% 8.2%
7.9% 10.1%
6.6%8.9%
4.9%
(a) Before recycling and composting (b) After recycling and composting
Fig
ure 22.2a
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Rubber,leather,andtextiles
Wood
Glass
Other (3.3%
)
Paper31.0%
Yardtrim
mings
13.2%Foodscraps12.7%
Plastics12.0%
Metals
8.4%
7.9%
6.6%
4.9%
(a) Befo
re recycling
and
com
po
sting
Figure 22.2b
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Yardtrimmings
Metals
Rubber, leather,and textiles
Wood
Glass (5.6%)
Other (4.3%)
Paper20.7%
7.0%
Food scraps18.6%
Plastics16.8%
8.2%
10.1%
8.9%
(b) After recycling and composting
Fig
ure 22.3
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
02000
2008
Per capita MSW generation (kg/person/day)
1 2 3
19601970
19901980Year
0
100
150
200
250
Total U.S. generation (millions of tons/year)
Total waste
generationPer capitaw
aste generation
Figure 22.4
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.5
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980
Year
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
Recovery for composting
Recovery for recycling
Combustion
Landfill, other disposal
250
260
200
150
100
50
0
U.S
. mun
icip
al s
olid
was
te (m
illio
ns o
f to
ns)
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Groundwatermonitoring well
Leachatetreatmentsystem
Methane gasrecovery well
Soil Solidwaste
Aquifer
Compactedimpermeableclay
Leachatecollectionpipes
Plasticliner
GravelGranulardrainagelayer
Figure 22.6
Fig
ure 22.7
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.8
Figure 22.9
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Waste storage pit
Crane
Furnace
Water
Ash
Boiler
Scrubber Baghouse
1
3
GeneratorTurbine
542
Stack
6
7
Wastewater and ashfor treatment or
disposal in landfill
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
TAB
LE 22.1
Som
e Everyd
ay Things Yo
u Can D
o
to R
educe and
Reuse
Donate used item
s to charityReuse boxes, paper, plastic w
rap, plastic containers, aluminum
foil,bags, w
rapping paper, fabric, packing material, etc.
Rent or borrow item
s instead of buying them, w
hen possible . . . and lend your item
s to friendsBuy groceries in bulkD
ecline bags at stores when you don’t need them
Bring reusable cloth bags shoppingM
ake double-sided photocopiesBring your ow
n co�ee cup to co�ee shopsPay a bit extra for durable, long-lasting, reusable goods rather thandisposable onesBuy rechargeable batteriesSelect goods w
ith less packagingC
ompost kitchen and yard w
astes in a compost bin or w
orm bin
(o�en available from your com
munity or w
aste hauler)Buy clothing and other item
s at resale stores and garage salesU
se cloth napkins and rags rather than paper napkins and tow
elsW
rite to companies to tell them
what you think about their
packaging and productsW
hen solid waste policy is being debated, let your governm
ent representatives know
your thoughtsSupport organizations that prom
ote waste reduction
Data from
U.S. Environmental Protection A
gency, 2005.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.10
13 2Consumer
purchase of productsmade from recycled
materials
Use of recyclablesby industry to manufacturenew products
Collection and processingof recyclable materials
by municipalitiesand businesses
Fig
ure 22.11
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 85
Total amount recovered (millions of tons/year)
19601970
19901980Year
20002008 0 10 20 30 40 6050 70 80 90 100
110
Recovery rate (percent)
Totalam
ountrecovered
Recoveryrate
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
TABLE 22.2 Recovery Rates for Various Materialsin the United States
MaterialPercentage that is recycled or composted
Lead-acid batteries 99Newspapers 88Major appliances 67Yard trimmings 65Paper and paperboard 55Aluminum cans 48Glass containers 28Total plastics 7
Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Figure 22.12
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
0-10%10-20%20-30%
30-40%
40% or more
WA
OR
NVUT COCO
NM
TX
OK
KS
AZ
CA
HIAK
IDWY
MT NDMN
WI
IA
MO
AR
LA
MS AL GA
SC
NC
VAWV
OHPA
MDDC
DE
MANY
VTNH
ME
IN
KY
TN
IL
FL
MISD
NE NJ
RICT
Recycling rates
Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 628
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 628
Ch
apter 22, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure, P
age 629
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Last seen at 786-798 Bellevue Turnpike, K
earny, N
J
Traveled 18.3 miles
Disposed at
457 Madison
Ave., N
ew
York, NY
Sep 8th
, 2009, 07:26 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 09:02 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 07:22 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 07:18 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 05:19 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 05:02 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 04:34 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 04:21 AM
Sep 5th
, 2009, 04:13 AM
Green
Poin
t
New
York
Un
ion
City
Secaucu
s
Ho
bo
ken
No
rth A
rling
ton
Lynd
hu
rst
Ru
therfo
rd
Kearn
y
senseable city lab
EastR
uth
erford
Rid
gefield Palisad
es Park
Fort Lee
Leon
ia
Rid
gefield
Park
LittleFerry
Teterbo
ro
No
rthB
ergen
Edg
ewater
PlasticC
on
tainer o
f Liq
uid
Soap
Figure 22.13
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
U.S. states with . . .
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
10
0
No deposit
States withoutbottle bills
IowaOregon Hawaii
New YorkCaliforniaVermont
Massachusetts
Michigan
5¢ deposit 5+¢ deposit 10¢ deposit
Recy
clin
g ra
te (%
) for
bev
erag
e co
ntai
ners
Fig
ure 22.14
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(a) Co
mp
ostin
g facility, Ed
mo
nto
n, A
lberta
(b) A
eration
bu
ildin
g, Ed
mo
nto
n co
mp
ostin
g facility
Figure 22.14a
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a) Composting facility, Edmonton, Alberta
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.14b
(b) Aeration building, Edmonton composting facility
Fig
ure 22.15
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Source
Extraction
Raw m
aterial
Extractionw
aste
Industrialw
aste
Fabrication
Refinement
Finished products
Long-livedcapital goods
Consum
ergoods andcom
mercial
packagingD
emolition
Dem
olishedgoods
(autos, buildings)
Consum
er waste
Crude m
aterial
Recycling
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.16
(a) Traditional brewery process
(b) ZERI brewery process
Grain Water
Bread
Spentsubstrate
Shallowalgae ponds
Fish pond
Beer
Substrate formushrooms
Pigs
Waste
Bio-gas
Digester
Spentgrain
Wastewater
Grain Water
Spentgrain
Wastewater
Animalfeed
Beer
Fig
ure 22.16a
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(a) Traditio
nal b
rewery p
rocess
Grain
Water
Spentgrain
Waste
water
Anim
alfeed Beer
Fig
ure 22.16b
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(b) ZER
I brew
ery pro
cess
Grain
Water
Bread
Spentsubstrate
Shallowalgae ponds
Fish pond
Beer
Substrate form
ushrooms
Pigs
Waste
Bio-gas
Digester
Spentgrain
Waste
water
Ch
apter 22, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure, P
age 634
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
YO
U C
AN
MA
KE
A D
IFFER
EN
CE
Do
nate your p
hone to
a perso
n or a charity that can
reuse it.
Recycle yo
ur old
pho
ne with an ap
pro
ved e-w
asterecycling
service.
Think twice b
efore b
uying yet ano
ther new electro
nicg
adg
et that you d
on’t really need
.
Every five m
inutes,
Am
ericans throw
away the
numb
er of cell p
hones
show
n on this p
age.
... or they can b
e
recycled fo
r reuse
and fo
r the recovery
of valuab
le metals.
The 426,000 cell
pho
nes entering
the U.S. w
aste
stream d
aily can
leach toxic heavy
metals into
the
environm
ent ...
Fig
ure 22.17
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
20032004
20052006
20071999
20002002
2001Year
0 25 50 75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
Millions of units discarded per year
Units
recycled
Units
disposed
Fig
ure 22.18
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 636
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ch
apter 22, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure 1, P
age 637
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 637
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
20
0
40
60
80
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
Perc
ent
of it
ems
leac
hing
lead
abo
ve t
hres
hold
Ave
rage
lead
leac
hate
(mg/
L)
Percent of items leachinglead above threshold
Ferrous metal content LowerHigher
Average lead leachate (mg/L)C
ompu
ter C
PUs
(64)
VCRs
(10)
Prin
ters
(9)
Smok
e de
tect
ors
(9)
Keyb
oard
s (4
)
Flat
pan
el m
onito
rs (8
)
Col
or te
levi
sions
(6)
Cel
lula
r pho
nes
(63)
Lapt
op c
ompu
ters
(21)
Com
pute
r mic
e (1
5)
Com
pute
r mon
itors
(9)
Rem
ote
cont
rols
(10)
Fig
ure 22.19
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 22.20
Fig
ure 22.21
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Liquid hazardousw
aste
Evaporation
Residue of solid hazardousw
aste
Impervious
clay layerPlasticlining
Fig
ure 22.22
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Injectionw
ell
Injected hazardousw
aste
Unconfined
aquifer
Impervious
soil
Impervious
soil
Porousrock
Confined
aquifer
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Groups generating municipal solid waste
Per capita MSW generation ratesU.S. average (7.56 lb/day)
Idaho (4.66 lb/day)
Indiana (11.78 lb/day)
Day Year Day Year Day YearYou 7.25 2,647
Your classYour stateUnited StatesWorld
Data from Arsova, L., et al., 2008. �e state of garbage in America. BioCycle 49 (12): 22.
Chapter 22, Unnumbered Table, Page 641