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CHAPTER 23GLOBAL CONFLICT:

WORLD WAR II

1937–1945

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“…a day that will live in infamy.”

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941

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TIMELINE1937 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces

December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay1938 March: Hitler annexes Austria

September: Hitler occupies SudetenlandSeptember: the Munich Accords

1939 March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens PolandAugust: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade PolandSeptember: Britain and France declare war on GermanyCongress passes 3rd Neutrality Act

1941 June: Executive Order 8802December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers

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TIMELINE continued1942 February: War Relocation Authority

Office of War Information U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate JewsOperation TorchJune: Adm. Nimitz wins at MidwayAugust: Battle of Stalingrad begins

1943 January: Battle of Stalingrad endsUnited Mine Workers strikeSmith-Connally ActMay: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender

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TIMELINE continued1944 Allied soldiers reach Rome

February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the MarianasJune: D-DayJune: Attack on Saipan

1945 April: Hitler commits suicideApril: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhageMay: Victory in Europe Allied victories in Iwo Jima and OkinawaJuly: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at Potsdam, GermanyJuly: first test of atomic bombAugust: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weaponsSeptember: Japanese surrender

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GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II Overview

Mobilizing for WarPearl Harbor: The United States Enters the

WarThe Home FrontRace and WarTotal War

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MOBILIZING FOR WAR The Rise of FascismAggression in Europe and AsiaThe Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War

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The Rise of FascismMussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemns Versailles

Treaty and proposes Final Solution for European Jewry

Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany in 1933

Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler becomes the Fuhrer of the Third Reich

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Aggression in Europe Hitler marches into RhinelandMarch 1938: Hitler annexes AustriaSeptember 1938: Hitler demands Sudentenland from

CzechoslovakiaSeptember 29, 1938: Hitler meets with Mussolini,

Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich ConferenceMarch 1939: Hitler takes the rest of CzechoslovakiaAugust 1939: Hitler and Stalin sign pact of non-

aggression and agree to divide Poland. September 1, Hitler invades Poland.

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Aggression in Asia1931: Japanese military stage coup and take over

foreign policy1932: Japanese troops occupy Manchuria in China1937: Japan attacks China’s five northern provincesDecember, 1937: Japan sinks American gunboat on

Yangtze River, but apologizes

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The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate WarThe “cash and carry” Neutrality ActThe Committee to Defend America by Aiding the

Allies: advocate helping England by all means short of war

The America First Committee: isolationists seeking protection behind the oceans

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PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR

December 7, 1941Japanese American RelocationWartime Migrations

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December 7, 19417:55am: Japanese bombers attack U.S. naval base

at Pearl Harbor, HawaiiThe surprise attack kills more than 2,000 U.S.

soldiers and destroying most of the U.S. Pacific fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force

Congress immediately declares war against Japan.

3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States

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Japanese American Relocation

More than 100,000 Japanese Americans rounded up and placed in internment camps

Executive Order of internment and War Relocation Authority

1943: some leave to attend colleges, take service jobs, or serve in the military

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Wartime MigrationsAfrican Americans migrate to northern

cities to work in war industry plantsMexicans imported to work in the

agricultural and seasonal jobs

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THE HOME FRONTBuilding MoraleHome Front Workers, “Rosie the Riveter,” and

“Victory Girls”

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Building MoraleOffice of War Information

MoviesRadio programsPublicationsPostersEncouraging work in war industries and

preserving the “American way of Life”

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Home Front Workers, “Rosie the Riveter,” and “Victory Girls”New employment opportunities for women

and disabledWages climbUnions include women and minorities as

membersVictory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a

patriotic duty

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RACE AND WARThe HolocaustRacial Tensions at HomeFighting for the “Double V”

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The Holocaust6 million Jews are killed, along with homosexuals,

disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani)American knowledge of Jewish persecution begins

in 1930sWord of extermination camps in 1941Anti-Semitism grows in the United StatesDenmark defies Nazis; Dominican Republic takes

in Jewish refugees

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Racial Tensions at HomeRandolph, President of the Brotherhood of

Sleeping Car Porters, suggests march to Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices in defense industry

Roosevelt issues Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries

Fair Employment Practices Commission

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Fighting for the “Double V”African Americans enthusiastically enlist in

the armed servicesNavajo “Code Talkers”By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied

Native Americans serve during the war

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TOTAL WARThe War in EuropeThe War in the PacificThe End of the War

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The War in Europe Allies attack through “the soft underbelly of Europe” May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets push Germans

back in February, 1943 Summer of 1943: Allies sieze Sicily September 1943: Mussolini surrenders 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of German

lives June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion) Allies at German border by September May, 1945: Germany surrenders

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World War II in Europe

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The War in the PacificPhillipines fall to Japanese in May, 1942May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral SeaAugust, 1942: Guadalcanal battle beginsGeneral MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern

PacificAdmiral Nimitz moves across the Central PacificLate 1944: U.S. captures Mariana Islands and

begins bombing Japan

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World War II in the Pacific

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The End of the WarThe Manhattan ProjectJuly 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and

the Potsdam Declaration August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima:

80,000 people die immediatelyAugust 8, 1945: Atom bomb on NagasakiSeptember 2, 1945: Japan surrenders