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Dr. S. M. Condren Chapter 23 Organic Chemistry
Dr. S. M. Condren
Chapter 23
Organic Chemistry
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Methane
Dr. S. M. Condren
Butanes
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Cycloalkanes
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Gasoline-Knocking
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Internal Combustion Engine• Box 8.2, pg. 285 Text
C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) ---> 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
CH3 CH3 | |CH3 - C - CH2 - CH - CH3 | CH3 isooctaneoctane number = 100
CH3- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
n-heptaneoctane number = 0
Dr. S. M. Condren
Octane Rating
(R+M)/2
• R - RON - research octane number, indicates the quality of the fuel used under normal driving conditions. The car is driving on level ground ~ 45 miles/hour. The RON engine is operating at 600 RPMs with normal carboration.
Dr. S. M. Condren
Octane Rating(R+M)/2
• M - MON - MON testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON.
Dr. S. M. Condren
Octane Rating(R+M)/2
• engine is operated under test conditions
• degree of knocking determined
• fuel is then blended from n-heptane and isooctane to duplicate conditions
• percentages measured, 87% isooctane, 87 octane gasoline
Dr. S. M. Condren
Ethylene
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Addition Polymer• polymer formed by joining many molecules
of the same compound to form the large molecule
• The compound usually contains a carbon-carbon double bond
Dr. S. M. Condren
Condensation Polymer• polymer formed by molecules of two
different compounds joining to form the large molecule
• one compound usually has an amine functional group
• other molecule has carboxylic acid functional group
• split out water molecule to form peptide linkage
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET)
+
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Polyethylene
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Polyethylene
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Polyvinyl Chloride
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Polypropylene
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Polystyrene
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Benzene-Aromaticity
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Toluene
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2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
NO2
NO2
O2NHNO3
H2SO4
Dr. S. M. Condren
Dr. S. M. Condren
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
Alcohol R’-O-H
O
Carboxylic acid R-C-O-H
O
Ester R-C-O- R’
where R & R’=> alkyl group => CH3-(CH2)n-
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc
==
Dr. S. M. Condren
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils Soap
O
CH2-O-C-R
O
CH -O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-C-R”
==
=
O
CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R
O
CH -O-H Na-O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-H Na-O-C-R”
==
=
NaOH
heat
fat or oil glycerol fatty acid salts
Dr. S. M. Condren
Triglycerides – Fats and Oils Biodiesel
O
CH2-O-C-R
O
CH -O-C-R’
O
CH2-O-C-R”
==
=
CH2-O-H
CH -O-H
CH2-O-H
3 CH3OH
heat
fat or oil
glycerol
methyl estersbiodiesel
O
CH3-O-C-R
=
O
CH3-O-C-R’
=
O
CH3-O-C-R”
=
+
+
+
Dr. S. M. Condren
Triglycerides – Fats, Saturated
O
CH2-O-C-C7H15
O
CH -O-C-C7H15
O
CH2-O-C-C7H15=
==
saturated – fat - solid
Dr. S. M. Condren
Triglycerides – Oils, Unsaturated
O
CH2-O-C-(CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
O
CH -O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
O
CH2-O-C- (CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCH3
==
=
unsaturated – oil - liquid
Dr. S. M. Condren
Nitroglycerin
CH2-O-H
CH -O-H
CH2-O-H
-- HNO3
CH2-NO2
CH –NO2
CH2-NO2
--
Dr. S. M. Condren
Cholesterol
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Alcohols
Methanol – CH3OH
Ethanol – CH3CH2OH
Dr. S. M. Condren
Ethanol
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2
ethanol catalyst ethylene
Important in 1970-1990s for plastic production
Dr. S. M. Condren
Sugars
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Ethanol
C6H12O6 3 CH3CH2OH
glucose enzyme ethanol
unbalanced
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Starch(C6H12O6)n 3n CH3CH2OH
starch enzyme ethanol
corn
unbalancedImportant in 21st century as source of fuel
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Synthetic Rubber
1,3-Butadiene
= =n ( )n=
butadiene rubber
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Synthetic Rubber
vulcanization
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Neoprene Rubber
SCl2
n
= =
= =
sss
s
sss
s
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
ss
s
s
Cl
Cl
