Chapter 2.3:Carbon Compounds

Chemistry is. . .

1. What life is made ofExample: Macromolecules

2. What life doesa. Growth

b. Reproduction

c. Movement

d. Interaction with the environment

Chemistry of Carbon

1. Carbon can form four covalent bonds.

2. Carbon can bond with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

6 protons

6 neutrons

6 electrons

first shell- 2

second shell- 4

Bonding Symbols

• A single bond is signified by a solid line between symbols; shares 2 electrons

• A double bond is signified by two solid lines between symbols; shares 4 electrons

• A triple bond is signified by three solid lines between symbols; shares 6 electrons

Macromolecules

1. Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”

2. Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers.

a. This process is called polymerization.

Macromolecules

• Synthesizing covalent bonds between the monomers involves losing a water molecule- dehydration, or condensation reaction

Macromolecules

• Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to break off a monomer involves breaking a water molecule and inserting its pieces – hydrolysis

Types of macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Nucleic Acids

4. Proteins

Carbohydrates

• 1. Composition: made of C, H and O atoms

• *** monomer- monosaccharide

• 2. Uses: Main source of energy for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.

Carbohydrates

4. Examplesa. Sugars

1. Monosaccharide = single sugar molecule

2. Polysaccharide = polymer of monosaccharides bonded together with a glycosidic linkage

Carbohydrates

4. Examplesb. Starch: Complex carbohydrates

(polysaccharides) that store extra sugar1. In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural is

called chitin

2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called cellulose

Lipids

• 1.Composition: C, H, O atoms

• *** subunits are glycerol and fatty acids

• 2. Not soluble in water, hydrophobic

• 3. Function: energy storage, main part of cell membrane, hormones

• 4. Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol

Lipids

• Types of fatty acids:• a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in

lipids that are liquid at room temperature, C=C bonds

• Example: Olive oil• b. Saturated fatty acids are found in

lipids that are solids at room temperature, no C=C bonds

• Example: Shortening, butter

Glycerol + fatty acid lipids + water

Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atomsUnsaturated = at least on C = C double bond

Types of Lipids

lipid

lipid

Proteins

1. Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

2. Uses: 1. Structure2. Storage,3. transport of other substances, 4. movement,5. Immunity6. Catalyze reactions (make them happen)

Proteins

1. Made of monomers called amino acidsa. 20 types of amino acids

b. Same general structure, but different R group

We will draw the 4 levels of Protein structure on the board…

General structure Alanine Serine

Amino group Carboxyl group

Nucleic Acids

1. Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus

2. Store and transmit genetic information

3. Two typesa. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

b. RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nucleotide

4. Made of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts

a. 5-carbon sugar (ribose)

b. Phosphate group

c. Nitrogenous base

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Monosacch-arides

Glycerol and Fatty acids

Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen

Sugars and starches

Fats, oils, waxes, steroids

DNA or RNA Actin,

enzymes, hemoglobin

Chapter 2.4:Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reaction: A change of one set of chemicals into another

1. Can be slow or fast

2. Chemical reactions require collisions between molecules

3. Involves changes in chemical bondsA + B C + D

Chemical Reactions

1. Involves changes in chemical bondsa. Reactants are elements or compounds that

enter into a chemical reaction. Bonds of reactants are broken in a chemical reaction.

b. Products are elements or compounds that are produced in a chemical reaction. Bonds of products are formed in a chemical reaction

Chemical Reactions

1. Involves changes in chemical bonds

A + B C + D

Which are the reactants?Which are the products?

Chemical Reaction Example:CO2 in the body

1. Cells produce CO2,then blood carries CO2 from cells to lungs (exhale)

Problem: CO2 is not soluble (dissolvable) in water

Solution: A chemical reaction converts CO2 to a soluble compound

In blood, CO2 converted to soluble compound:

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO2

H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O

Chemical reactions involve energy

1. Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires energy release or absorption

2. Reactions that release energy can occur spontaneously (but not all do)

a. Energy is released as heat

3. Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy source

4. What is activation energy? The energy needed to get a reaction started

5. Some chemical reactions are really slow or require lots of energy and cannot occur on their own

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Endergonic/ Endothermic Exergonic/ Exothermic

Enzymes are catalysts.

1. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.

a. An enzyme is a protein that act as biological catalyst

b. Enzymes speed up reactions that take place in cells

Enzymes are catalysts.

c. Enzymes provides a site (called the active site) where reactants can be brought together to react. This decreases the activation energy

d. In a reaction involving an enzyme, the reactants are called substrates

e. Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type of substrate

An enzymatic reaction:

Enzymes are catalysts.

f. The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of a “lock and key”

g. Enzymes can have an allosteric inhibitor in which another molecule can turn the enzyme on or off by binding to it (make the “lock” work or not)

http://www.execulink.com/~ekimmel/mixed_flash.htm

Enzymes are catalysts.

h. Enzymes can be affected by:1. pH

2. Temperature

3. Other proteins

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 requires

an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released Active site

glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate + ADP