Chapter 23: Ideologies and Chapter 23: Ideologies and Upheavals Upheavals

1815-18501815-1850

Main Points of Interest in the 19th

Century• No large scale wars in Europe• Industrialization will alter economies• Importance of the “isms” - Liberalism,

Nationalism, Socialism, Communism (Marxism), Conservatisism.

• Failure of Liberalism in the 1848 Revolution

• Unification of Italy & Germany• Growth of overseas empires

The Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna

Do Congress of Vienna Activity.Do Congress of Vienna Activity.

German German ConfederatioConfederationn

Do the outcome of the Congress of Vienna and Do the outcome of the Congress of Vienna and discover what truly happened. How close was your discover what truly happened. How close was your groups conclusions?groups conclusions?

Metternich and Metternich and ConservatismConservatism

• Restore the nobility and monarchies to their rightful place in society.

• Restore power based on legitimacy! (Based on blood lines)

• Restore a BALANCE OF POWERBALANCE OF POWER in Europe.

• Blamed lower middle-class for stirring up the lower classes.

Carlsbad Decrees

Established the Carlsbad DecreesCarlsbad Decrees – (root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers within the German Confederation. (Spies were even organized)

LiberalismLiberalismMain conceptsMain concepts

• Liberty & Equality Liberty & Equality • Representative GovernmentRepresentative Government• Equality before the LawEquality before the Law

- Not legally separate classes.- Not legally separate classes.• Specific individual Freedoms; Specific individual Freedoms;

Press, Speech, Assembly & from Press, Speech, Assembly & from Arbitrary Arrest.Arbitrary Arrest.

TheRevolutions

Of 1830-1848

TheRevolutions

Of 1830-1848“The Springtime of Peoples”“The Springtime of Peoples”

Pre-1848 Causes: Long-TermPre-1848 Causes: Long-Term• Industrialization

– Economic challenges to rulers.– Rapid urbanization.– Challenges to the artisan class.

• Population doubled in the 18c

– Food supply problems Malthus

• Ideological Challenges– Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism.

• Romanticism• Repressive Measures

– Carlsbad Decrees [Prus.]– Six Acts [Eng.]– Secret police created in many European states.

Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-TermTerm

• Agricultural Crises– Poor cereal harvests

• prices rose 60% in one year.

– Potato blight Ireland• Prices rose 135% for food in one year!

• Financial Crises– Investment bubbles burst – Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among

the artisan class].

Working & middle classes are now joined in Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural misery as are the urban and agricultural

peasantry!peasantry!

Sights of Revolutions through out Europe (1830 & 1848)

France After NapoleonFrance After Napoleon

Louis XVIII was put on the throne and est. “Constitutional Monarchy”

Louis kept all executive powers, controlled lawmaking, and influenced the legislature. Tried to blend the Old Regime, with the Revolutionary period.

France After NapoleonFrance After Napoleon

Charles X (Louis’s brother) was a die hard conservative. Wanted to re-establish the Old Order.He stripped wealthy middle class of its voting

rights, and censored the press. The notables (wealthy) had won.

Printers, journalists, artisans, and small traders (middle class) led the revolt and Charles abdicated.

July Revolution (1830)

Louis Phillipe (1830-1848)Louis Phillipe (1830-1848)

“King of the French People”, did little to expand the vote. Went from 100,000 to 170,000. (The wealthy still in charge!)Economic crisis and romantic impulse led to the revolution of 1848.

France’s Second RepublicFrance’s Second RepublicRevolution of 1848Revolution of 1848

The peasants, the artisans, and the unskilled workers wanted a democratic republic

Gave the vote to all adult males, abolished slavery, abolished the death penalty, and est. a 10 hour work day.

Worsening depression allowed the Socialists to take control and start national workshops within France.

Alexis de TocquevilleAlexis de Tocqueville

A Rep Socialist predicted the overthrow of Louis Phillipe and believed that gov’t should plan the economy, help the poor, and provide means to those who need it.

Middle and upper classes along with the peasants were frightened of this thought because it could mean taking what little they have gained.

President Louis NapoleonPresident Louis Napoleon

• The December election:– This was a big shift in middle

class opinion to the right!

• The First President:– Purged the govt. of all radical officials.

– Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections.

• Represented himself as a “Man of the People.”

– His government regularly used forced against dissenters.

The “Three Germanies”

Why did the 1848 Revolutions Fail?1. They failed to attract popular support

from the working classes.2. The middle classes led these

revolutions, but as they turned radical, the middle class held back.

3. Nationalism divided more than united.4. Some gains lasted [abolition of

serfdom, etc.]5. BUT, in the long term, most liberal

gains would be solidified by the end of the 19c:– The unification of Germany and Italy.– The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at

the end of World War I.

French Revolutions of 1830 -French Revolutions of 1830 -18481848

Read the documents; Revolutions of 1830-1848 to get a better understanding. (All notes are outlined in the readings)

NationalismNationalism

• NationalismNationalism is the belief that people is the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation-should be loyal mainly to their nation-that is, to the people with whom they that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history.share a culture and history.

Nationality

Language

Culture

History

Religion

Territory

Nation-State

A A belief in common ethnic ancestrybelief in common ethnic ancestry

One dialect chosen as the “national One dialect chosen as the “national language”language”

A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals)ideals)

A A common past; common experiencescommon past; common experiences

A religion shared by all or most of the A religion shared by all or most of the peoplepeople

A A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its land (Fatherland; Motherland)group; its land (Fatherland; Motherland)

Defends its nations territories and its way of Defends its nations territories and its way of life; represents the nation to the rest of the life; represents the nation to the rest of the world.world.

NationalismNationalism

Early nationalists believed that every nation had Early nationalists believed that every nation had a right to exist in liberty, in fact, in order for one a right to exist in liberty, in fact, in order for one nation to be truly independent, all must be.nation to be truly independent, all must be.

Negative side of nationalism was the people Negative side of nationalism was the people became a bit xenophobic; “we” and “they”. became a bit xenophobic; “we” and “they”. Everyone saw the others as being oppressors and Everyone saw the others as being oppressors and inferior to their own people.inferior to their own people.

Austria is the most multi-cultured empire in Europe. Thanks to nationalism people felt they needed an autonomous self-governed gov’t.

When Ferdinand I abolished serfdom the peasants gained freedom and felt they had won a major victory. The momentum subsided.

Hungary led a movement to a unified, autonomous nation. Had to be taken and conquered by the Austrians and Russians.

Nationalism in the Austrian Empire

GreeceGreece

Nationalism inspired Greece to want their Nationalism inspired Greece to want their independence back from the Ottoman Empire.independence back from the Ottoman Empire.This independent movement was led by Alexander This independent movement was led by Alexander Ypsilanti in a secret society that led to revolt in 1821.Ypsilanti in a secret society that led to revolt in 1821.In 1827, G.B., France, and Russia responded and In 1827, G.B., France, and Russia responded and demanded Turkey accept Greece’s independence, demanded Turkey accept Greece’s independence, Turkey said no; so 3 navies destroyed Turkish fleet.Turkey said no; so 3 navies destroyed Turkish fleet.

Greece declared independence in 1830, German Greece declared independence in 1830, German prince installed as king in 1832.prince installed as king in 1832.

French Utopian Socialism French Utopian Socialism IdealsIdeals

1. French thinkers were disturbed by what they 1. French thinkers were disturbed by what they saw as selfish individualism caused by laissez-saw as selfish individualism caused by laissez-faire economies and liberalismfaire economies and liberalism

2. Argued that the gov’t should rationally 2. Argued that the gov’t should rationally organize economy and not encourage organize economy and not encourage competition.competition.

3. Shared intense desire to help the poor and 3. Shared intense desire to help the poor and protect them from the rich.protect them from the rich.

4. Wanted to abolish private property and 4. Wanted to abolish private property and replaced by state or community ownership.replaced by state or community ownership.

French Utopian Socialism French Utopian Socialism ThinkersThinkers

Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) wanted gov’t to organize public work projects wanted gov’t to organize public work projects and establish investment banks. Saw the key and establish investment banks. Saw the key to progress to industry was its use for good, to progress to industry was its use for good, not profitnot profit

Charles Fourier (1772-1837) critic of capitalism, Charles Fourier (1772-1837) critic of capitalism, wanted communal living in which everything is wanted communal living in which everything is self-sufficient. Argued marriage is a form of self-sufficient. Argued marriage is a form of prostitution. Free Love! (What a hippy)prostitution. Free Love! (What a hippy)

Louis Blanc (1811-1882) Urged workers to Louis Blanc (1811-1882) Urged workers to agitate for universal suffrage and to take agitate for universal suffrage and to take control of state peacefully. Wanted gov’t to control of state peacefully. Wanted gov’t to establish factories and guarantee employment.establish factories and guarantee employment.

Marxist SocialismMarxist Socialism

1848 Marx and Engels publish the 1848 Marx and Engels publish the Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto, bible of Socialism, bible of Socialism““history of all previously existing society is the history of all previously existing society is the history of class struggles”history of class struggles”

Marx’s theory was built on the teachings of Marx’s theory was built on the teachings of German philosopher, Georg Hegal. Hegal German philosopher, Georg Hegal. Hegal argued that history is “ideas in motion” Each argued that history is “ideas in motion” Each age has its own purpose.age has its own purpose.

Great Britain

1818thth century G.B. very stable; however still class century G.B. very stable; however still class conscious and only 6% of population could vote.conscious and only 6% of population could vote.

Corn LawsCorn Laws: revised in 1815. Blocked import of cheap : revised in 1815. Blocked import of cheap grain from Eastern Europe unless price of corn rose grain from Eastern Europe unless price of corn rose to 80 shillings per quarter.to 80 shillings per quarter.

This meant thatThis meant that landed aristocracy landed aristocracy could continue to could continue to make the poor pay huge prices for grain because make the poor pay huge prices for grain because cheap grain could not be imported.cheap grain could not be imported.

Great Britain’s ReformGreat Britain’s Reform• 1847 - 10 Hours Act• People’s Charter of 1848;

Chartist Movement – demanded universal male suffrage. (Middle Class)

• Irish not so lucky. Potato crops failed in 1846, 1848, and 1851. Widespread suffering, social upheaval, loss of population was staggering. Many emigrated to U.S. and G.B.

By the 1830s, there were two By the 1830s, there were two schools of painting (especially in schools of painting (especially in France):France):

• The Neoclassical School (Jean-The Neoclassical School (Jean-Louis David)Louis David)• The Romantics (Delacroix)The Romantics (Delacroix)

•Painters often swapped elements Painters often swapped elements of each school (a neoclassical idea of each school (a neoclassical idea painted in a romantic way or vice painted in a romantic way or vice versa).versa).

Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798-Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798-1863)1863)

• Color and light emphasized over line.Color and light emphasized over line.• Urged young painters to study Rubens.Urged young painters to study Rubens.• Purpose of art is "not to imitate nature Purpose of art is "not to imitate nature but to strike the imagination."but to strike the imagination."• Literary themes.Literary themes.• Used color to create energy, which he Used color to create energy, which he compared compared to music.to music.• Halftones derived from juxtaposing that Halftones derived from juxtaposing that color and its complement (i.e. purple and color and its complement (i.e. purple and yellow), not from darkening a color.yellow), not from darkening a color.• Long brushstrokes.Long brushstrokes.

Delacroix - Liberty Leading the People

DelacroixDelacroix

Massacre at Massacre at ChiosChios

Delacroix - Death at Sardanapal

The French NeoclassicistsThe French Neoclassicists

Jacques-Louis DavidJacques-Louis DavidAntoine-Jean GrosAntoine-Jean Gros

•Virtual dictator of European painting from 1800-Virtual dictator of European painting from 1800-1820.1820.• No matter how revolutionary the subject, used No matter how revolutionary the subject, used ttraditional, neoclassicalraditional, neoclassical techniques. techniques.• Stressed line, form, perspective.Stressed line, form, perspective.

Jacques-Louis DavidJacques-Louis David

DavidDavid

Napoleon Napoleon Crossing Crossing Saint BernardSaint Bernard

David - David - Coronation of Coronation of NapoleonNapoleon

DavidDavid

Death of Death of MaratMarat

David; David; Death of Death of SocratesSocrates

Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1791-Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1791-1824)1824)

• Moved away from the ideas of his Moved away from the ideas of his teacher, Jacques-Louis David.teacher, Jacques-Louis David.• Followed the more emotional style of Followed the more emotional style of Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens.Rubens.• Still Neoclassical at heart.Still Neoclassical at heart.• Series of battle paintings glorifying Series of battle paintings glorifying Napoleon.Napoleon.

GrosGros

Napoleon at Napoleon at Arcole Bridge, Arcole Bridge, Nov. 17, 1796Nov. 17, 1796

Gros - Napoleon on the Battlefield

Gros - Gros - Napoleon in the PesthouseNapoleon in the Pesthouse

Géricault - The Raft of the Medusa

Caspar David Friedrich (German, 1774-Caspar David Friedrich (German, 1774-1840)1840)

• Melancholy and symbolic landscapes.Melancholy and symbolic landscapes.

• Used light to unify the mood of his Used light to unify the mood of his landscapes and other works.landscapes and other works.

• Mystical attitude toward nature (God Mystical attitude toward nature (God found in nature).found in nature).

•Used triangular shapes to depict his Used triangular shapes to depict his imagesimages

Friedrich - Polar SeaFriedrich - The Cross on the

Mountain

Friederick

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

John Constable (English, 1776-1837)John Constable (English, 1776-1837)

•Took painting out of the studio and Took painting out of the studio and into the country.into the country.• Studied and painted from nature.Studied and painted from nature.• Landscapes that stressed color and Landscapes that stressed color and light more than purity of line.light more than purity of line.• Influence on Delacroix and Influence on Delacroix and Impressionism.Impressionism.

Constable - Leaping Horse

Constable

Lock at Deadham

Francisco Goya (Spanish, 1746-Francisco Goya (Spanish, 1746-1828)1828)

• "First of the moderns”"First of the moderns”• Transitional figure between Transitional figure between Neoclassicism and Romanticism.Neoclassicism and Romanticism.• Warm and passionate.Warm and passionate.• Court painter to Spanish king Charles Court painter to Spanish king Charles III.III.• Sense of outrage and rebellion, social Sense of outrage and rebellion, social conscience.conscience.

Goya

Maria Teresa de Bourbon

GoyaGoya

Group on a BalconyGroup on a Balcony

Goya - The Third of May

It is said that he made the preliminary sketches of this painting in the blood of executed Spanish patriots.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Expressed ideas of the Romantics through music Strained against rules and restraints of Classicism Music addressed to the masses Expanded orchestra Piano most important instrument Opera & ballet popular Used ballads, folk music, poetry, national history for inspiration

Some Famous ComposersSome Famous Composers

• Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827)

• Franz Shubert (1797-1828)

• Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)

• Franz Liszt (1811-1886)

• Frederich Chopin (1810-1849)

• Piotor Lilyitch Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)

• Giacamo Puccini (1858-1924)