Chapter 2/3 Chapter 2/3 This Power Point contains the This Power Point contains the following: following: Middle Passage Review Middle Passage Review Reasons for immigration Review Reasons for immigration Review Laws established/English Laws Review Laws established/English Laws Review Great Awakening/Enlightenment Review Great Awakening/Enlightenment Review 7 Reasons for American Revolution 7 Reasons for American Revolution American Revolution battles American Revolution battles Federalists/Anti-Federalists Federalists/Anti-Federalists
Transcript
Chapter 2/3Chapter 2/3
This Power Point contains the following:This Power Point contains the following: Middle Passage ReviewMiddle Passage Review Reasons for immigration ReviewReasons for immigration Review Laws established/English Laws ReviewLaws established/English Laws Review Great Awakening/Enlightenment ReviewGreat Awakening/Enlightenment Review 7 Reasons for American Revolution7 Reasons for American Revolution American Revolution battlesAmerican Revolution battles Federalists/Anti-FederalistsFederalists/Anti-Federalists
The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade
Points to rememberPoints to remember::
African slaves used in the Americas because:African slaves used in the Americas because:
1.1. Native American slaves die from exhaustion or Native American slaves die from exhaustion or disease. There still remained a desperate need disease. There still remained a desperate need for labor.for labor.
2.2. African Slaves were used to agricultural work, African Slaves were used to agricultural work, resisted many diseases and were not as likely resisted many diseases and were not as likely to run away as Native Americans.to run away as Native Americans.
The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade African slaves were trade in African slaves were trade in
Africa for guns, supplies and Africa for guns, supplies and Rum.Rum.
The Triangular Trade existed The Triangular Trade existed between Africa, The between Africa, The Americas and Europe.Americas and Europe.
11stst leg: from Europe to Africa leg: from Europe to Africa 22ndnd leg: Africa to Americans leg: Africa to Americans 33rdrd leg: Americas to Europe leg: Americas to Europe
The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage
The 2The 2ndnd leg of the trip-sailing leg of the trip-sailing across the Atlantic Ocean.across the Atlantic Ocean.
• Journey lasted three to six weeks, Journey lasted three to six weeks, ten to twenty percent ten to twenty percent did not did not survivesurvive
The English Colonies-VirginiaThe English Colonies-VirginiaWho came and why?Who came and why?
1.1. English Catholics English Catholics came because they were persecuted by came because they were persecuted by those practicing under King Henry’s Church of England. (or those practicing under King Henry’s Church of England. (or Anglican Church)Anglican Church)
2.2. The PuritansThe Puritans: A Protestant group that wanted to “purify” : A Protestant group that wanted to “purify” or reform(improve) the Anglican Church.or reform(improve) the Anglican Church.
3.3. The Pilgrims The Pilgrims (a separatist group) left England to escape (a separatist group) left England to escape persecution.persecution.
4.4. The Pilgrims were The Pilgrims were “immigrants” “immigrants” or people who leave the or people who leave the country of their birth to live in another country.country of their birth to live in another country.
New Colony LawsNew Colony Laws
The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649: Catholics : Catholics and Protestants started to fight over and Protestants started to fight over religion. Maryland passed a law making religion. Maryland passed a law making it a it a crimecrime to restrict religious rights of to restrict religious rights of Christians.Christians.
Slave CodesSlave Codes: Most southern colonies : Most southern colonies passed laws to control slaves. ex. passed laws to control slaves. ex. Slaves could hold no meetings or own Slaves could hold no meetings or own weapons. Some states refused to free weapons. Some states refused to free slaves.slaves.
1620. 41 pilgrims of the 1620. 41 pilgrims of the Mayflower created a legal Mayflower created a legal document in which they agreed to document in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the have fair laws to protect the general good.general good.
This was one of the first attempts This was one of the first attempts to a self-government (no king!) in to a self-government (no king!) in the English settlement.the English settlement.
In late 1620 the Mayflower landed In late 1620 the Mayflower landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts.in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Life in the English ColoniesLife in the English Colonies
The English Colonies each has their own The English Colonies each has their own governmentgovernment, but the English Monarch , but the English Monarch (king) had ultimate authority. (king) had ultimate authority.
Some colonies elected representatives to Some colonies elected representatives to help make laws and set policy.help make laws and set policy.
In New England the center of politics was In New England the center of politics was the the town meeting-here people met and town meeting-here people met and decided on local issuesdecided on local issues..
Changes in English LawsChanges in English Laws
1215 The Magna Carta was issued to 1215 The Magna Carta was issued to limit the power of the English King limit the power of the English King JohnJohn. John was a tyrant who abused . John was a tyrant who abused his power. The Magna Carta ensured his power. The Magna Carta ensured no unfair imprisonment/ trial by jury.no unfair imprisonment/ trial by jury.
1689 English Bill of Rights-Again, 1689 English Bill of Rights-Again, reduced the power of the Kingreduced the power of the King. (King . (King James wanted more power over James wanted more power over colonists)colonists)
New Ideas-The Great AwakeningNew Ideas-The Great Awakening
Population growth in the colonies led religious Population growth in the colonies led religious leaders to try and spread religious feelings leaders to try and spread religious feelings throughout the colonies.throughout the colonies.
Many colonists experienced “a great awakening” Many colonists experienced “a great awakening” in their religious lives.in their religious lives.
The Great Awakening The Great Awakening was a religious movement was a religious movement throughout the colonies in the 1730’s and 1740’s. throughout the colonies in the 1730’s and 1740’s. Preachers promoted spiritual equality which Preachers promoted spiritual equality which began people to think about political equalitybegan people to think about political equality..
“Everyone is equal in the eyes of the Lord”
George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield“Everyone is Equal in the Eyes of the Lord!” First true Evangelist!
Whitefield was an educated man and believed everyone needed to experience a re-birth in Jesus Christ. Spoke to crowds of 10,000 plus with no microphone!
EnlightenmentEnlightenment 1600s Europeans began to re-examine the their 1600s Europeans began to re-examine the their
world. Scientist began to understand natural world. Scientist began to understand natural laws. It changed the way people thought of the laws. It changed the way people thought of the world.world.
Colonists were also influenced by the Colonists were also influenced by the Enlightenment. This movement spread the idea Enlightenment. This movement spread the idea that reason and logic could improve society. that reason and logic could improve society. (And how government could work!)(And how government could work!)
Enlightened thinker Enlightened thinker John Locke believed people John Locke believed people should have natural rights such as equality and should have natural rights such as equality and liberty. (freedom)liberty. (freedom)
Events that led to the beginning of Events that led to the beginning of our Nation (1750’s- 1791)our Nation (1750’s- 1791)
FRENCH AND FRENCH AND INDIANINDIAN WAR (1753- WAR (1753-17601760))
France and their France and their Indian allies vs. Indian allies vs. Britain and their Britain and their Indian alliesIndian allies
Fought for the Ohio Fought for the Ohio Valley territory.Valley territory.
France = fur trade, France = fur trade, Britain = FarmingBritain = Farming
Britain wins ending Britain wins ending with the Treaty of with the Treaty of ParisParis
Bloody battleBloody battle
(a.k.a. 7 YEAR WAR & the First World War)
FRENCH AND FRENCH AND INDIANINDIAN WAR WARResults:Results:
France no longer a threat France no longer a threat to Britain.to Britain.Colonists gained military Colonists gained military confidenceconfidence..England warned England warned colonists not to expand colonists not to expand land.land.England now had a England now had a HUGE WAR DEBT!HUGE WAR DEBT!
Sugar ActSugar ActRaise Money by tax!Raise Money by tax!
Prime Minister Prime Minister George Granville George Granville asked Parliament to asked Parliament to tax sugar and tax sugar and molasses imported molasses imported to the colony. to the colony.
Smugglers were also Smugglers were also searched for!searched for!
King George ordered high tariffs on newspapers, legal documents, playing cards.
Colonist rebelled created the “Sons of Liberty”.
Protests, riots, and boycotts broke out amongst the colonies.
“No taxation without representation” became the rally cry.
Repelled in 1766
Response to the Stamp ActColonies
Members of the Massachusetts legislature met with 9 other colonies and issued a declaration that the Stamp Act was a violation of rights and liberties!
England English Parliament
was angry their authority was questioned!
They issued the Declaratory Act, stating they had all the power to make laws in the colonies!
Townsend Acts 1761 Parliament
passed Townsend Acts to tax glass, lead, paints, paper and tea.
British Officials could also search for smuggled goods
Samuel Adams ship The Liberty was seized for smuggling Rum. Angered Colonists!
Colonist Response?1. Boycotting English
goods2. Women (daughters
of liberty) drove the boycotts!
3. Colonists attacked the houses of custom officials and British soldiers were summoned!
BOSTON MASSACRE1770 The British sent in troops (4000) into
Boston. Troops were not welcomed as they competed for jobs and represented the King’s interests. There were many angry encounters between soldiers and colonists.
March 5th 1770: Ice, snow and rocks thrown at soldiers, someone yelled “fire” and soldiers killed 5 protesters.
BOSTON MASSACREBOSTON MASSACRE Samuel Adams called Samuel Adams called
the event “The Boston the event “The Boston Massacre.” to fuel Massacre.” to fuel anger.anger.
Soldiers were put on trial Soldiers were put on trial and most were and most were acquitted, 2 convicted of acquitted, 2 convicted of manslaughter. Most manslaughter. Most agreed they were agreed they were probably provoked into probably provoked into the attack.the attack.
Townshend Acts were Townshend Acts were repealedrepealed, British troops , British troops withdrew from the city.withdrew from the city.
BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773)BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773) A period of calm A period of calm
followed the massacre.followed the massacre. ““Sons of Liberty” were Sons of Liberty” were
looking for issues to looking for issues to keep the “fire” going.keep the “fire” going.
1773 British only let 1773 British only let the East India Tea Co. the East India Tea Co. sell tea to Americasell tea to America..
150 colonist 150 colonist dressed as dressed as Native American Indians Native American Indians boarded the tea ships boarded the tea ships and dumped the goods and dumped the goods overboard.overboard. Other Other parties took place in parties took place in other colonies. other colonies.
Unfair pricing!Unfair pricing!
BOSTON TEA PARTYBOSTON TEA PARTY
British Parliament British Parliament stiffened their rule stiffened their rule and passed the and passed the Coercive acts (a.k.a. Coercive acts (a.k.a. Intolerable acts)Intolerable acts)shut down Boston shut down Boston harbor.harbor. Quartering actsQuartering acts No Town No Town Meetings allowed!Meetings allowed!
In September 1774The In September 1774The Continental Congress met with 56 Continental Congress met with 56 delegates from 12 colonies delegates from 12 colonies (Georgia stayed home)(Georgia stayed home)
56 men meant 56 different 56 men meant 56 different opinions and very long debates! opinions and very long debates!
They prepared a list of grievances They prepared a list of grievances to be taken to the King and British to be taken to the King and British Parliament.Parliament.
The delegates 1. stopped trade The delegates 1. stopped trade with England and 2.alerted the with England and 2.alerted the colonial militia to prepare for colonial militia to prepare for warwar!!
A 2A 2ndnd meeting would be called if meeting would be called if the king did not hear their the king did not hear their complaints or if any attack took complaints or if any attack took place.place.
Patrick Henry, “ The distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers and New Englanders are no more, I am not a Virginian, I am an American!
SHOWDOWN!!! Neither side really wanted war, but neither side
was willing to back down. King George thought a show of force would
improve his standing stating, “The New England Colonies are in a state of rebellion… Blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent!”
The King’s General Thomas Gage was told to prepare for war! Frightened because he knew fighting would be fierce, Gage asked for additional militia.
Conflict at Lexington and Concord
•British General Gage learns of hidden weapons in Concord
•Two lanterns hung in church tower to warn the British coming by “sea” (Charles River)•Paul Revere and William Dawes make midnight ride to warn Minutemen of approaching British soldiers
“One if by land, two if by sea!”
The Shot Heard Around the WorldLexington, Massachusetts
The Redcoats were coming! April 19, 1775 The British neared Lexington and prepared for war.
About 80 minutemen saw the large number of British and were about to retreat when a shot rang out!
A short battle began with the British killing 8 men and destroying weapons they found.
Only one Redcoat was injured in this battle.
BATTLE OF LEXINGTON CLIP
Battle at Concord, Massachusetts
Angered by British actions, Minutemen (men ready at a minute’s notice) were in place to attack as British Redcoats returned to Boston.
As the British retreated from Concord Minutemen shot at troops from behind trees, fences, and buildings, killing over 250 Redcoats.
War had officially begun!
1775 Second Continental Congress
Delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia following “shots” at Lexington/Concord
Some called for peace, others war! Another try with King George III.
George Washington was named Commander in Chief of the Continental Army
Debate begins over independence
Battle of Bunker Hill
May, 10 1775 Patriots attacked British at Fort Ticonderoga on to seize a large supply of weapons.
Colonial forces fortified Breed’s Hill to prevent British from escaping Boston.
An army of 2,400 Redcoats vs. 1,600 Americans at Battle of Bunker of Hill.
The British had to fight crossing the Boston Harbor in boats exposing them as an easy target.
Eventually Americans forced to retreat, but only after 1000 British casualties and proof that the colonists could take the British!
Ethan Allen
May 10, 1775—The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys was a major victory for America during the early part of the American Revolution.
Allen sent a spy dressed as a a beggar, was allowed into the fort and discovered all of the British weaknesses.
He overtook the fort with 80 men.
6’6” tall with a temper!
Battle of Bunker Hill Video
COMMON SENSE (1776) by Thomas Paine
A 47 page pamphlet. Paine urged a
separation from Britain. Argued that citizens
not kings should make laws.
Argued for economic freedom and the right to military self-defense
*Read across the colonies!!!
No tyranny! No abuse of government power!
Declaration of Independence Many colonial leaders agreed with
Thomas Paine’s ideas. Congress created a committee in June
1776 to write a document declaring independence.
Thomas Jefferson was the main author.
The Declaration of Independence was sent to England and officially approved on July 7, 1776.
Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4th 1776
Stated the grievances against the King of England.
Gave reasons as to why the colonies should be free.
Gave people the right to abolish their own government.
Colonists had different reactions to Declaration of Independence Patriots: Chose to fight for independence.
About 40-50% of Americans were Patriots. Loyalists: Sometimes called Tories, remained
loyal to Britain. About 20-30% of Americans were Loyalists.
Neutral: About 25% of Americans remained neutral.
Once the Declaration was signed, Loyalists and Patriots became opponents.
Patriots Gain New Home During the war 230,000 served in the Continental Army.
Most young men endured poor living conditions, bad food, no $.
African Americans joined the patriots. At first they were denied, but Britain promised freedom to slaves for service so Army changed its mind.
Native Americans aided Patriots, but also assisted British
Women Ran farms and businesses
while men gone. They raised money for
supplies and clothing. Served as messengers,
nurses and spies-some fought.
Molly Ludwig Hays brought water to troops, but when husband injured she loaded cannons.
Early Defeats Canada: Patriots wanted Canada to be 14th
colony. US forces under Gen, Montgomery and
Benedict Arnold attacked Quebec. NYC : Became the 1st major battle ground . British Gen. William Howe led 32,000 better
equipped militia vs. Washington’s 23,000. Months of fighting. British captured Patriots,
took supplies, and burned NY.
General Thomas Gage-ordered troops into Lexington/Concord
I took over!
Early Defeats Howe pushed Washington across the
Hudson River and was pleased with his success.
Connecticut Nathan Hale went behind the British lines to attain secret information.
Hale was caught with the documents hidden in his shoe and ordered to be hung.
Before his execution he stated, “I regret I have only one life to lose for my country.”
Battle of Saratoga, New York2 defeats stun the British.
British General John Burgoyne planned to capture Hudson River valley and cut off New England from other colonies.
British Burgoyne planned to invade Canada traveling through dense forests.
Patriots were ready with obstacles. Militiamen outnumbered the Redcoats and scored a major victory. General Horatio Gates crushed British attempts to advance.
Battle of Saratoga, New York Colonial General Benedict
Arnold led a charge that forced the British to retreat.
The British were surrounded and Burgoyne surrendered to General Gates.
Saratoga was the greatest victory yet for American forces! The win convinced foreign allies to help.
Help for Americans France: Signed treaty of support. French
Nobleman Marquis de Lafayette volunteered to serve and gave $200,000 for soldier aid.
Prussia: Baron Friedrich von Steuben trained Continental Army into a tough force!
Spain: Bitter enemies of Britain! Governor Bernardo de Galvez seized British ports.
Valley Forge-winter 1777-1778 General Washington and
1200+ men wintered at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
Soldiers suffered because of low supplies, shortage of food, clothing, shelter and disease!
2000 men died from disease & malnutrition.
War at Sea and in the West John Paul Jones leads attacks on
hundreds of British ships.(The tiny fleet was no match for the
huge British fleet) George Rogers Clark gathered
soldiers from small towns, captured British villages and convinced Indians to remain neutral.
I have just begun to fight!
War in the South Following Saratoga war was not
going well for the British so they decided to move war to the south where they had many loyalists in Georgia, the Carolinas and Virginia.
They even offered freedom for slaves who took up arms against the Patriots.
Brutal fighting began.
War in the South Patriots fought the Loyalists but lost
Georgia in 1778 and Charleston, South Carolina in 1780.
Some southern Patriots worked to build Bands of guerrilla fighters. Partisans fought against the British.
One Southern Patriot was Francis Marion (a.k.a The Swamp Fox)
Marion was successful using guerilla warfare against the British.
The Swamp Fox 48 year old, weak and in poor
health. He created a “phantom” army that frustrated British General Cornwallis.
Surprise attacks from Marion and others disrupted communication and supply lines the British counted on for success!
The Battle of Yorktown 1781 British General Cornwallis moved British
forces from Charleston to Yorktown, Virginia. Washington saw a chance to trap Cornwallis. He ordered Lafayette to block Cornwallis’s escape
by land. He then combined his 2500 troops with 4000
French troops led by Comte de Rochambeau. The Patriots surrounded Cornwallis and French
Naval Ships stopped British ships from saving Cornwallis.
The Battle of Yorktown On October 19, 1781 Cornwallis sent a
drummer and soldier with a white flag to surrender.
This was the last major battle of the American Revolution.
With no more money to spend on war Britain entered into peace talks with America led by Benjamin Franklin.
It took 2 years to come to a Peace Agreement but Great Britain finally recognized the United States independence at the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
American Revolution 1776-1783
175,000 white males fought in the war.
50,000 as loyalists to the King.
Thousands of homes were burned and looted as the war raged on, it forced people to take sides.
War was won by a bunch of rag-tag farmers using guerilla war-fare.
Articles of Confederation1781-1788
Could not levy taxes – huge war debt
Could not regulate trade- Froze trade, paralyzed the economy
Difficult to pass new laws, 9 of 13 colonies must agree
Congress could not enforce any laws
United States ConstitutionUnited States Constitution17881788
Maybe the greatest document ever written? Maybe the greatest document ever written? Because of its fluidity! Has withstood civil wars, Because of its fluidity! Has withstood civil wars, internal abuses, and neglect.internal abuses, and neglect.
• Strong federal governmentStrong federal government• Gov’t should be run by the Gov’t should be run by the
best peoplebest people• Only property owners Only property owners
should voteshould vote• Loose interpretation of Loose interpretation of
ConstitutionConstitution• Gov’t favors businessGov’t favors business• Powerful national bankPowerful national bank• Restrictions of free press Restrictions of free press
Strong state governmentStrong state governmentGov’t should be run by all peopleGov’t should be run by all peopleAll people can voteAll people can voteStrict interpretation of constitutionStrict interpretation of constitutionNo special favors for businessNo special favors for businessPromotion of state banksPromotion of state banksRelatively free speech and pressRelatively free speech and press
Bill of Bill of RightsRights Series of essays Series of essays
(Federalist papers) (Federalist papers) were published were published trying to gather trying to gather support for their support for their cause.cause.
The Bill of rights The Bill of rights were a concession were a concession between the between the Federalist and the Federalist and the Anti-federalist.Anti-federalist.
Anti- federalist Anti- federalist agreed to ratify the agreed to ratify the constitution if they constitution if they guaranteed people’s guaranteed people’s basic rights.basic rights.
Bill of Rights• 1st Amendment- separation of church and
state , freedom of worship, speech, press, and assembly.
• 2nd Amendment- Right to bear arms and establish a well regulated militia.
• 3rd Amendment- Soldiers cannot be housed in private homes.
• 4th Amendment- Right to unlawful search and entry.
• 5th Amendment- do not have to testify against yourself.
First 10 AmendmentsFirst 10 Amendments
66thth guarantees the right to a speedy trial guarantees the right to a speedy trial 77thth right to trial by jury right to trial by jury 88thth prohibits cruel and unusual punishment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment 99thth states that because certain right are not states that because certain right are not
mentioned does not mean they do not existmentioned does not mean they do not exist 1010thth any powers no specified to the federal any powers no specified to the federal
government, then it rests with the statesgovernment, then it rests with the states
