Chapter 23: Transformation in the Americas

Warm Up Chapter 221. What new crop contributed to the agricultural revolution?

a. Potato b. wheat c. rice d. soybeans e. tomato

2. The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James Watt’s

a. cotton gin b. steam engine c. saddle d. bicycle e. light bulb

3. Division of labor in manufacturing means

A. Dividing the work force into capitalists and communists

B. Dividing the work into specialized and repetitive tasks

C. Using division as well as other mathematical functions

D. Having the worker make the entire product

E. Dividing the labor unions in order to weaken them

4. Britain’s manufacturing depended on the importation of raw goods from its colonies (as well as enforced trade) which is NOT an area of colonization for Britain?

A. North America B. India C. Africa D. China E. Japan

5. Women typically earned

A. As much as men

B. 1/3 to ½ as much as men

C. Twice as much

D. 10% of men

E. Nothing

6. The cotton boom enriched planters as well as manufacturers and

A. Decline of slavery B. Growth in textiles C. rich sharecroppers D. high demand for mulch E. Increase of slavery

7. Charles Fourier advocated

A. Anarchy B. return to manorialism C. Mercantile system D. Theocracy E. Utopian Socialism

• I. Independence in Latin America– A. Roots of Revolution– Latin Americans were upset about taxation and

monopolies and inspired by American and French Revolution

– Revolutions began in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia because of Napoleon’s European expansion

– Believed that all Spanish rule must be removed from all South American land for any South American nation to be free

– Bolivar’s revolution was led by the wealthy landowners of Latin America

– B. Spanish South America, 1810-1825– Revolutions in Venezuela were led by a group of

creoles called junta– Junta: wealthy landowners who only pursued

interests of the creoles– Simon Bolivar emerged as the leader in

Venezuela commanding a troop made of free slaves and free blacks

– Bolivar freed Columbia, Ecuador, and Venezuela and attempted to make a nation confederation

– These attempts were a failure and this led to regional and political chaos

• http://www.whale.to/b/hand_sign.html

• Freemason Simón Bolívar, president of Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, & Peru, of the Order and Liberty Lodge No. 2, Peru, giving the Masonic sign of the Hidden Hand

Simon Bolivar• Bolívar is credited with contributing

decisively to the independence of the present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia and is often revered as a hero and the "George Washington of Latin America."

– C. Mexico, 1810-1823– Mexico was Spain’s richest and most populous

country– September 16,1810 Miguel Hidalgo urges people

to revolt against Spanish rule– Hidalgo is captured and executed– Agustin I takes up the revolution after Hidalgo

and Mexico declares independence in 1823– Mexico becomes a republic after independence

Miguel Hidalgo• Roman Catholic priest in Mexico and

revolutionary rebel leader. He is regarded by most Mexican people as the "Father of the Country" and was the founder of the Mexican War of Independence movement which fought for independence from Spain in the early 19th century, although he did not live to see Mexico gain its independence.

• Miguel Hidalgo was executed by the firing squad July 30th 1811

• II. The Problem of Order, 1825-1890– A. Constitutional Experiments– US colonists are working class bringing a

revolution and will come together– Latin American countries problems: revolution

is led by the wealthy upper class which are not connected to the people therefore led to violent discord

– The wealthy also did not foster the idea of mass participation

– Latin American wealthy wanted to rule both politics and military

– B. Personalist (Populist) leaders– Military leaders are going to bring local

masses together politically leading to regionalization

– Populist leaders were also referred to as caudillo: or regional military leaders

– Pattern is monarchy (European crown) to republic to caudillo rule• Countries have a lack of experience in

republican cultures and can not easily transition to democracy (sound familiar?)

– America brought people from Europe who are familiar with democracies

– Jose Antonio Paez– Populist leader of Venezuela and declared its

independence in 1829– Tried to communicate to the common people

but really looked out for the wealthy– Populist leaders were common in Latin

America because:– Weaker constitution, low literacy rate, and

less developed communication

Jose Paez

• Andrew Jackson– Successful general

and populist leader– Increased the power

of the presidency and weakened power of the Congress

– C. Threat of Regionalism

– Latin governments were based on the wealthy and could not transition easily bringing regional leaders

– In the US the Civil War split America on states rights and slavery issues

– D. Foreign Intervention and Regional Wars

– National borders were based on wars in the Western Hemisphere and by the end of the 19th century US, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile emerge as world powers on this side of the globe

– US also asserted its power by defeating Mexico and acquired Texas, NM, Arizona, and Colorado in 1848

– E. Native Peoples and the Nation-State– Indian populations are forced to submit to new

political forces in their land– With land expansion and an boom in

technology white settlers were moving further west pushing out the Indians

– Confederations like Tecumseh were instances in the changing New World

– Tecumseh and the Americans: Tecumseh led Native Americans in resistance to American expansion

• In September 1809, William Henry Harrison, governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, negotiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne in which a delegation of Indians ceded 3 million acres (12,000 km²) of Native American lands to the United States. The treaty negotiations were questionable as they were unauthorized by the President and involved what some historians compared to bribery, offering large subsidies to the tribes and their chiefs, and the liberal distribution of liquor before the negotiations

• In August 1810 Tecumseh led four hundred armed warriors from Prophetstown to confront Harrison at his Vincennes home, Grouseland. Their appearance startled the townspeople, and the situation quickly became dangerous when Harrison rejected Tecumseh's demand and argued that individual tribes could have relations with the United States, and that Tecumseh's interference was unwelcome by the tribes of the area. Tecumseh launched an impassioned rebuttal against Harrison

• Harrison crossed into Upper Canada and on October 5, 1813, won a victory over the British and Native Americans at the Battle of the Thames near Moraviantown. Tecumseh was killed, and shortly after the battle, the tribes of his confederacy surrendered to Harrison at Detroit.

– Indian Removal Act of 1830:– Forced the resettlement of Indians west of the

Mississippi– Signed and enacted by Andrew Jackson– This act, 5 years later, leads to the trail of

tears and removal of the Seminole Indians– Caste Wars in the Yucatan:– Plantation owners forced Mayan off their land

the peasants revolted and nearly brought the Yucatan back to Mayan rule

• III. Challenge of Social and Economic Change– A. Abolition of Slavery– Slavery was most prominent where the

exports of plantations were most important– Slavery survived in much of the Western

Hemisphere until 1850s– Plantations required a large amount of slaves – Decline of sugar plantations in the Caribbean

led to abolishment of slavery– Cuba abolished slavery 1886– Puerto Rico abolished slavery 1873

– North America had terminated the slave trade business in 1808

– Emancipation Proclamation in 1865 abolished slavery in all of US

– Liberia was set up in Africa by the US to send the free slaves back to Africa 12,000 free slaves were sent back

– Sierra Leone was set up by the British to send the free slaves back to Africa

– B. Immigration – End of slavery bring about a gap in workers in

the Western Hemisphere– Immigration from Europe and Asia will rise

dramatically– Impact:– Hostility toward immigrants was prevalent– Immigrants were expected to assimilate and

schools were used to help facilitate assimilation

• IV. Comparative Perspectives– A. Constitutional Challenges– All but _________________ suffered failed

constitutions within a generation which divided the country