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Chapter 25
The Consolidation of Latin AmericaWHAP!
1867- Mexico
Napoleon IIIPresident of the French
Republic; Ruler of the Second French Empire
Nephew and heir of Napoleon I
Emperor of Mexicor. 10 April 1864 - 19 June 1867
• Austrian Archduke Maximilian– Sent by Napoleon III – Why? Mexico owed debts
• Common “Latin” culture
– Goal: establish monarchy• Profit• Appease French Catholics
– Mexican War of Independence: 1810-1821
• Result: Firing Squad
1794 & 1848ENLIGHTENMENT IDEALS
REACH LATIN AMERICA: 19TH
CENTURY INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENT
Comparing Independence Movements in Latin America, Europe and US
Similarities• Progress• Reform• Political Representation • Constitutional Government
Differences• Latin America: no
practice/experience in representative government; power held by central government
• US: House of Burgesses (VA)• Europe: Parliaments with
limited power
Race
• Creole: American-born Whites (European)• American Indian: Natives• Mestizo: European + American Indian• Mulatto: African + European• Africans
Could they all get along?
Colonial elites (whites) think, “Can we control them (everyone else)?”
Causes of Political Change
1. Age of Enlightenment (18th Century)
– Beliefs:• Life, liberty, property, health• Separation of powers/ limited government• Consent of the governed (popular sovereignty)
John Locke
VoltaireRousseau Thomas
Hobbes
Causes of Political Change
2. Other Successful Revolutions (model)• American Revolution (1775-1783)– Breaking away from the mother
country is possible– If they can do it, so can we….
• French Revolution (1779)– “liberty, equality and fraternity”– Not supported by the Creole elites
• Regicide, rejection of the Church’s authority, and social leveling
Causes of Political Change3. St. Domingue, French colony• Political conflict
– Whites and free people of color– 1791: slaves led rebellion
• Leader: Toussaint L’Overture (TOO-san LOO-vuhr-tyuhr)
– 1804: independent republic of Haiti
• Other Latin American countries (basically, white elites with plantations) wanted to avoid Haitian model
• Slaves, former slaves and free people of color saw Haiti as a symbol of hope
Causes of Political Change
4. Problems in Europe (Napoleonic Wars)• After the French Revolution France
invaded the Iberian Peninsula• Spain: Two rulers
– Napoleon’s Brother (King)– Junta Central (committee loyal to King
Ferdinand)– Colonies:
• Caracas, Bogotá and Mexico created Juntas– Supposed to be loyal to the deposed King,
but they ruled for themselves
Joseph BonaparteKing of Spain
King Ferdinand VIIKing of Spain
Spanish American Independence Struggles
• Central America• Northern South America• Southern South America
Mexico• Father Miguel de Hidalgo
– Had help from mestizos and American Indians – Lost support of the Creoles (who feared social
rebellion)– Captured and Executed– Insurgency continued
• Augustín de Iturbide– Creole Army officer– Joined with the insurgency (instead of killing
them)– Combined forces won Mexico City in
September 1821– Iturbide was declared Emperor of Mexico
Bell of DeloresRung by Hidalgo before his speech to rally the people to fight for independence
Mexican Empire
• 1821-1824• After the collapse, Central American countries established
independent nations and Mexico became a republic.
Northern South America (huh?)
• Independence movement centered in Caracas
• 1810• Simon Bolívar– Wealthy Creole Officer– President of Grand Colombia
(Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador)
– Rejected offers to be king
Southern South America
• José de San Martín– Buenos Aires, Argentina– Helped to liberate Argentina and Chile
Brazil
• Portuguese royal family fled Napoleon and established the Portuguese Empire in Rio de Jeneiro– Opened ports to world commerce
(England)– Dom João VI, Portuguese King– Improved Rio de Janeiro
• Library, gardens, printing presses, schools
• João VI’s son eventually declared Brazil independent and became Dom Pedro I Constitutional
Emperor of Brazil Dom Pedro I
An Independent Latin America
• All countries are republics
• Except Brazil (Monarchy)
New Nations/New Problems
• Major issues– Social inequalities
• 1854 slavery abolished everywhere• Except Cuba, Puerto Rico (Spanish colonies still) & Brazil
– Political representation• Property and literacy restrictions on voters• Men only• American Indians and people of mixed origins were suspicious of
political elite (old colonial aristocracy)• Centralist (conservatives) vs Federalists (liberals)
– Role of the Church– Regionalism
US Involvement• Monroe Doctrine
– 1823– Statement by American President Monroe
telling Europeans to stay out of Latin America or else! (empty words)
– Britain had a capital interest to support Latin American independence
• Manifest Destiny– Belief to unite the US coast to coast
• Mexican-American War– Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo– Mexican Cession ($15 Million)
• Spanish- American War– Cuba– Puerto Rico– Philippines
• US backed Panama independence from Colombia– Panama Canal (American rights)