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Chapter 25Chapter 25PlantsPlants
Brandon Kraft, Brandon Kraft,
Carly Miller, Carly Miller,
and Nick Regoand Nick Rego
Evolutionary Trends Evolutionary Trends Among PlantsAmong Plants
Photoautotrophs-organisms Photoautotrophs-organisms
that get energy from sun that get energy from sun
and COand CO22
Vascular plantsVascular plants Account for most plantsAccount for most plants
Roots, stems, leavesRoots, stems, leaves
Three TypesThree Types Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants
Cycads, lycophytes, fernsCycads, lycophytes, ferns
Seed-Bearing Vascular PlantsSeed-Bearing Vascular Plants GymnospermsGymnosperms
AngiospermsAngiosperms
Non-vascular plantsNon-vascular plants Account for remainder Account for remainder
of plantsof plants
BryophytesBryophytes
LiverwortsLiverworts
HornwortsHornworts
MossesMosses
Evolution of Roots, Evolution of Roots, Stems, and LeavesStems, and Leaves
RootsRoots Evolved for life on landEvolved for life on land
Underground, absorbtiveUnderground, absorbtive
Shoot systemsShoot systems Stems and leavesStems and leaves
Above GroundAbove Ground
Absorb Sunlight and Absorb Sunlight and
COCO22
Support of cell wallSupport of cell wall
Evolved LigninEvolved Lignin
Vascular tissue- for Vascular tissue- for
transport of materialstransport of materials XylemXylem
PhloemPhloem
Water conservation- Water conservation-
necessary because of air necessary because of air
exposure (prevents exposure (prevents
dehydrationdehydration CuticleCuticle
StomataStomata
Evolution of Pollen and SeedsEvolution of Pollen and Seeds
HeterosporyHeterospory Produce two types of sporesProduce two types of spores
Sperm-bearing gametophytesSperm-bearing gametophytes Female gametophytesFemale gametophytes
Spread by air, insects, birdsSpread by air, insects, birds
Seeds - contain embryo and sustinenceSeeds - contain embryo and sustinence
BryophytesBryophytes
Mosses(most common), liverworts, hornworts (nonvascular)Mosses(most common), liverworts, hornworts (nonvascular)
3 adaptive features:3 adaptive features:
1. Above ground parts display a cuticle with numerous stomata1. Above ground parts display a cuticle with numerous stomata
2. Cellular protective jacket surrounds the sperm-producing 2. Cellular protective jacket surrounds the sperm-producing
and egg-producing parts of the plant to prevent dryingand egg-producing parts of the plant to prevent drying
3. The embryo sporophyte begins life inside the female 3. The embryo sporophyte begins life inside the female
gametophytegametophyte
Branched, feathery patternsBranched, feathery patterns
Reproduce w/ flagellated sperm, which require liquid water to Reproduce w/ flagellated sperm, which require liquid water to
reach and fertilize the eggsreach and fertilize the eggs
Moss Life CycleMoss Life Cycle
Existing Seedless Existing Seedless Vascular PlantsVascular Plants
Whisk ferns, Lycophytes, Horsetails, FernsWhisk ferns, Lycophytes, Horsetails, Ferns 3 Differences from Bryophytes3 Differences from Bryophytes
Sporophyte not attached to a gametophyteSporophyte not attached to a gametophyte Has vascular tissuesHas vascular tissues Longer phase in life cycleLonger phase in life cycle
Habitat Habitat Moist placesMoist places
Gametophytes lack vascular tissueGametophytes lack vascular tissue Sperm needs water to reach eggSperm needs water to reach egg
Life Cycle of a FernLife Cycle of a Fern
The Rise of the The Rise of the Seed-Bearing PlantsSeed-Bearing Plants
*360 million years ago*360 million years ago
3 differences from seedless vascular plants3 differences from seedless vascular plants 1. Produce pollen grains-the sperm-bearing male gametophytes1. Produce pollen grains-the sperm-bearing male gametophytes
MicrosporesMicrospores give rise to pollen grains give rise to pollen grains
Does not depend on Does not depend on HH2200
2. Also produce 2. Also produce megasporesmegaspores, which develop inside , which develop inside ovulesovules-at -at
maturity is a seed (consist of female gametophyte)maturity is a seed (consist of female gametophyte)
3. Have H3. Have H220 conserving traits0 conserving traits
Thicker cuticlesThicker cuticles
Stomata recessed below the leaf surfaceStomata recessed below the leaf surface..
Spore of A LycophyteSpore of A Lycophyte
Seed-Bearing PlantsSeed-Bearing Plants
Depend onDepend on
Pollen grainsPollen grains
Ovules that mature Ovules that mature
into seedsinto seeds
Tissue changes Tissue changes
adapted to dry adapted to dry
conditionsconditions
Gymnosperms- Gymnosperms- Plants with “Naked” SeedsPlants with “Naked” Seeds
Have exposed seeds-Have exposed seeds- gymnos means “naked,” sperma means “seed”gymnos means “naked,” sperma means “seed” Conifers - have conesConifers - have cones
Woody trees/shrubs with needlelike leavesWoody trees/shrubs with needlelike leaves ConesCones- clusters of modified leaves that surround the spore-producing structures- clusters of modified leaves that surround the spore-producing structures Firs, yews, spruces, junipers, larches, cypresses, etc.Firs, yews, spruces, junipers, larches, cypresses, etc.
Lesser Known GymnospermsLesser Known Gymnosperms
Cycads-Cycads-have pollen-bearing and seed have pollen-bearing and seed
bearing cones that form on separate bearing cones that form on separate plantsplants
Tropical/Subtropical areasTropical/Subtropical areas Largest seed-bearing conesLargest seed-bearing cones Many vulnerable to Many vulnerable to
extinctionextinction
GingkoGingko Gingko bilobaGingko biloba - only survivor - only survivor Diverse in dinosaur timesDiverse in dinosaur times Males are resistant to insects, Males are resistant to insects,
disease, and air pollutantsdisease, and air pollutants
Gnetophytes-Gnetophytes-woody plants that woody plants that
have 3 typeshave 3 types
Tropics and arid areasTropics and arid areas
**Groups of existing **Groups of existing
gymnosperms include conifers, gymnosperms include conifers,
cycads, ginkgos, and cycads, ginkgos, and
gnetophytes, which bear their gnetophytes, which bear their
seeds on exposed surfaces of seeds on exposed surfaces of
cones and other spore-cones and other spore-
producing structuresproducing structures..
ConifersConifers Gymnosperms that Gymnosperms that
reproduce via Cone reproduce via Cone Structures (Pinecones)Structures (Pinecones)
Conifers produce both male Conifers produce both male and female pineconesand female pinecones Male Pinecones Male Pinecones
Produce Microspores (Pollen Produce Microspores (Pollen grains) that drift into the airgrains) that drift into the air
Female PineconesFemale Pinecones Produce Megaspores Produce Megaspores
(Female Gametophtes)(Female Gametophtes) Accept Pollen grainsAccept Pollen grains Pollen Grows into OvulePollen Grows into Ovule Fertilization Occurs Fertilization Occurs
months after pollinationmonths after pollination
Slow Reproductive RateSlow Reproductive Rate DisadvantageDisadvantage Angiosperms reproduce Angiosperms reproduce
faster and compete for faster and compete for resourcesresources
DeforestationDeforestation Vulnerable Vulnerable
AngiospermsAngiospermsThe Flowering Seed-Bearing PlantsThe Flowering Seed-Bearing Plants
Most Successful PlantsMost Successful Plants
Only plants that flowerOnly plants that flower Angeion- Female Angeion- Female
reproductive part of flowerreproductive part of flower
Requires pollinationRequires pollination Transfer of pollen from Transfer of pollen from
one plant to nextone plant to next
Pollination ProcessesPollination Processes Airborne pollenAirborne pollen
PollinatorsPollinators Insects, bats, birdsInsects, bats, birds
CoevolutionCoevolution
Angiosperm diagram:
Dicots and MonocotsDicots and Monocots
Two Types Two Types Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots
MonocotsMonocots Monocotyledon-Monocotyledon-
One cotyledon (seed leaf for storage of food) in seedsOne cotyledon (seed leaf for storage of food) in seeds
Floral parts in groups of threesFloral parts in groups of threes
Parallel veins in leavesParallel veins in leaves Orchids, palms, lilies, grasses (most crops-wheat, corn, etc)Orchids, palms, lilies, grasses (most crops-wheat, corn, etc)
DicotsDicots
Dicotyledon-Dicotyledon- Two cotyledons in seedsTwo cotyledons in seeds
Floral parts in groups of four or fiveFloral parts in groups of four or five
Net-veined leavesNet-veined leaves Most Herbaceous (non-wooden) plantsMost Herbaceous (non-wooden) plants
Most flowering shrubs and treesMost flowering shrubs and trees
Water Lilies, CactiWater Lilies, Cacti