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Chapter 27

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Suleyman the Magnificent. Chapter 27. The Islamic Empires. The Islamic Empires, 1500-1800. The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923). Osman leads bands of semi-nomadic Turks to become ghazi : Muslim religious warriors Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and volunteer infantry Later, heavy cavalry - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 27 The Islamic Empires 1 Suleyman the Magnificent
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Page 1: Chapter 27

Chapter 27

The Islamic Empires

1

Suleyman the Magnificent

Page 2: Chapter 27

The Islamic Empires, 1500-1800

2

Page 3: Chapter 27

The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)

Osman leads bands of semi-nomadic Turks to become ghazi: Muslim religious warriors

Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and volunteer infantry Later, heavy cavalry

In Balkans, forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military service: devshirme Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries

3

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Mehmed II (“the Conqueror,” r. 1451-1481)

Capture of Constantinople, 1453, the capital of the Christian ByzantineEmpire

Renamed Istanbul Transformation from warrior

sultan to emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)

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Mehmed II (“the Conqueror,” r. 1451-1481)

Planned to capture pope, but was unsuccessful. Mehmed’s forces invaded and seized the Italian port of Otranto in

1480-1481, but papal forces pushed them back. Otranto is located on the “heel” of the Italian boot.

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Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) Expanded into Asia, Europe Besieged Vienna in 1529, but

was repelled Develops Ottoman naval

power to a greater extent than Mehmed.

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The Safavid Empire Ismail young military leader, r. 1501-1524 Orphaned, parents killed by enemies Becomes shah, proclaims official religion

of realm Twelver Shiism Twelve infallible imams after

the Prophet Muhammad Twelfth imam in hiding, ready to take

power Wore distinctive red hat, called qizilbash (“red heads”)

Empire called Safavid after Safi al-Din (1252-1334), Sufi thinker

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Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala

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The murder and beheading of Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn ibn ‘Alī, in 680 at Karbala, and the disappearance of a six-year-old imam became the founding legends of Shiism. “Twelver Shiism” becomes predominant in what is now present-day Iran.

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Battle of Chaldiran (1514)

Ottomans attack Safavids Heavy use of Ottoman gunpowder technology

give them the upper hand Ismail escapes, two centuries of ongoing conflict Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629) revitalizes

weakened Safavid empire Reforms administration, military Expands trade Military expansion

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The Mughal Empire

Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur the Tiger), a Chaghatai Turk, invades northern India for plunderin 1523

Gunpowder technology gives Babur advantage Founds Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty Expands through most of Indian subcontinent

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Akbar (r. 1556-1605)

Grandson of Babur Wins fear and respect after throwing

Adham Khan, leader of the army, out of the window twice (second time just to make sure he was dead)

Created centralized government Destroyed Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar Religiously tolerant, promoted “divine faith”

Syncretic form of Islam and Hinduism, but borrows some ideas from Christianity, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism

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Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707)

Expands Mughal empire into southern India

Hostile to Hinduism Demolished Hindu temples, replaced

with mosques Puts heavy tax on Hindus to encourage conversion

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Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder

empires”) Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and

military prowess of the ruler Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition

Steppe Turkish traditions Issuance of unilateral decrees Intra-family conflicts over power

1595 Sultan massacres nineteen brothers (some infants), fifteen expectant women (strangulation with silk)

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Women and Politics

Women officially banned from political activity But tradition of revering mothers, first wives from

Chinggis Khan Süleyman the Magnificent defers to concubine

Hürrem Sultana Originally Roxelana, Ukrainian woman Convinces husband to murder eldest son in favor of her

own child

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Agriculture and Trade

American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires Coffee (originally from Ethiopia) and tobacco (originally

from the New World) were important Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax

morality of coffee houses Population growth also reflects territorial additions

and losses Trade with English East India Company, French

East India Company, and Dutch VOC

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Population Growth

020406080100120140160180200

1500 1600 1700 1800

MughalSafavidOttoman

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Religious Diversity

Ottoman empire: Christians, Jews Safavid empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians Mughal empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,

Christians, Sikhs Mughal Akbar most tolerant

Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity

Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving “divine faith”

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Status of Religious Minorities

Non-Muslim protected people: dhimmi Payment of special tax: jizya Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs

Ottoman communities: millet system of self-administration

Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with Hindus Under Akbar, jizya abolished Reaction under Aurangzeb

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Capital Cities

Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire, massive monumental architecture

Rededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofya mosque

Isfahan major Persian city Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri

Chooses site without sufficient water supply, abandoned

Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture

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Capital Cities

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Fatehpur Sikri

Isfahan

Aya Sofya

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Deterioration of Imperial Leadership

Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury Selim the Sot (r. 1566-1574), Ibrahim the Crazy

(r.1640-1648) Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals

intensify Role of women

Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans as unfit to rule Force destruction of observatory, printing press

Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims, and even Sufis

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Economic and Military Decline

Foreign trade controlled by Europeans Military, administrative network expensive to

maintain Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage,

1589; other revolts follow Unproductive wars European military technology advances faster

than Ottomans can purchase it

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Cultural Conservatism

Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities

Islamic empires less interested in outside world Swiftly fell behind in technological development

E.g. Jews from Spain establish first printing press in Anatolia in late fifteenth century

But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729 Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of

dissemination

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