Chapter 27Chapter 27

CirculationCirculation

Chapter 27 2

Circulatory System BasicsCirculatory System Basics

Fluid—bloodFluid—blood

Channels—vesselsChannels—vessels

A pump—the heartA pump—the heart

Chapter 27 3

Types of Circulatory SystemsTypes of Circulatory SystemsOpenOpen• Open space within the body cavity—hemocoelOpen space within the body cavity—hemocoel

• Arthropods (insects, spiders, and crustaceans)Arthropods (insects, spiders, and crustaceans)

• Most mollusks (snails and clams)Most mollusks (snails and clams)

ClosedClosed• Confined blood in continuous vascular networkConfined blood in continuous vascular network

• Pumping heartPumping heart– Some invertebrates (earthworm, cephalopod mollusks) Some invertebrates (earthworm, cephalopod mollusks) – All vertebratesAll vertebrates

Chapter 27 4

Open & Closed SystemsOpen & Closed Systems

Chapter 27 5

(c)(c) Mammals,Mammals,BirdsBirds

(c)(c) Mammals,Mammals,BirdsBirds

(b) Amphibians(b) Amphibians Reptiles”Reptiles”(b) Amphibians(b) Amphibians Reptiles”Reptiles”

The Evolution of theThe Evolution of theVertebrate HeartVertebrate Heart

VentricleVentricle

AtriumAtrium

(a) Fish(a) Fish(a) Fish(a) Fish GillGillCapillariesCapillaries

Body CapillariesBody Capillaries

VentricleVentricle

LungLungCapillariesCapillaries

AtriaAtria

Body CapillariesBody Capillaries

VentriclesVentricles

LungLungCapillariesCapillaries

Body CapillariesBody Capillaries

Chapter 27 6

Vertebrate CirculatoryVertebrate CirculatorySystem: FunctionsSystem: Functions

Transport of OTransport of O22 and CO and CO22

Distribution of nutrientsDistribution of nutrients

Transport of wasteTransport of waste

Distribution of hormonesDistribution of hormones

Regulation of body temperatureRegulation of body temperature

Protection against blood loss and diseaseProtection against blood loss and disease

Chapter 27 7

Mammal Circulatory SystemMammal Circulatory System

Chapter 27 8

Vertebrate CirculatoryVertebrate CirculatorySystem: The HeartSystem: The Heart

StructureStructure• AtriaAtria• VentriclesVentricles• Structural evolution among the vertebratesStructural evolution among the vertebrates

The cardiac cycleThe cardiac cycle• Systole—period of ventricle contractionSystole—period of ventricle contraction• Diastole—relaxation of all the chambers Diastole—relaxation of all the chambers

followed by contraction of the atriafollowed by contraction of the atria

Chapter 27 9

Heart - HumanHeart - Human

Chapter 27 10

LeftLeftVentricleVentricle

Human Heart

SemilunarSemilunarValvesValves

AortaAorta

Descending AortaDescending Aorta(to lower body)(to lower body)

Inferior Vena CavaInferior Vena Cava(from lower body)(from lower body)

RightRightAtriumAtrium

SuperiorSuperiorVena CavaVena Cava(from upper body)(from upper body)

Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary Artery(to right lung)(to right lung)

Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary Artery(to left lung)(to left lung)

AtrioventricularAtrioventricularValveValve

Right VentricleRight Ventricle

Pulmonary VeinsPulmonary Veins(from right lung)(from right lung)

Pulmonary VeinsPulmonary Veins(from left lung)(from left lung)

Left AtriumLeft Atrium

AtrioventricularAtrioventricularValveValve

Chapter 27 11

The Cardiac CycleThe Cardiac Cycle

(a) Atria Contract(a) Atria Contract

DeoxygenatedDeoxygenatedblood from bodyblood from body

OxygenatedOxygenatedblood from lungsblood from lungs

(b) Ventricles Contract(b) Ventricles Contract

DeoxygenatedDeoxygenatedblood to lungsblood to lungs

OxygenatedOxygenatedblood to bodyblood to body

(c)(c) Heart Relaxes;Heart Relaxes;atria fill passivelyatria fill passively

Chapter 27 12

Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle

Chapter 27 13

Path of Blood FlowPath of Blood Flow

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Chapter 27 14

Measuring Blood PressureMeasuring Blood Pressure

Chapter 27 15

The Structure of Cardiac MuscleThe Structure of Cardiac Muscle

Chapter 27 16

Coordination of Heart ActivityCoordination of Heart Activity

Atrioventricular and semilunar valvesAtrioventricular and semilunar valvesThe sinoatrial node (SA node)The sinoatrial node (SA node)The atrioventricular node (AV node)The atrioventricular node (AV node)Influences on heart rateInfluences on heart rate• Parasympathetic nervous system - Parasympathetic nervous system -

decreases heart ratedecreases heart rate• Sympathetic nervous system - increases Sympathetic nervous system - increases

heart rateheart rate• HormonesHormones

Chapter 27 17

The Heart’s The Heart’s PacemakerPacemakerand Its and Its ConnectionConnectionss

SinoatrialSinoatrialNodeNode

AtrioventricularAtrioventricularNodeNode

ExcitableExcitableFibersFibers

Chapter 27 18

Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle

Chapter 27 19

Stab Wound - HeartStab Wound - Heart

Chapter 27 20

Composition of BloodComposition of Blood

Chapter 27 21

Blood CellsBlood CellsRed blood cells—erythrocytes (RBCs)Red blood cells—erythrocytes (RBCs)• 99% of the total cellular component in the blood99% of the total cellular component in the blood• Carry OCarry O2 2 bound to hemoglobin from lungs to tissuebound to hemoglobin from lungs to tissue• Buffer COBuffer CO22 carried from the tissues carried from the tissues

White blood cells—leukocytes (WBCs)White blood cells—leukocytes (WBCs)• 1% of the total cellular component of blood1% of the total cellular component of blood• Five white blood cell typeFive white blood cell type

PlateletsPlatelets• Cellular fragments from megakaryocyte in the Cellular fragments from megakaryocyte in the

bone marrowbone marrow• Function in blood clottingFunction in blood clotting

Chapter 27 22

Blood SmearBlood Smear

Red Blood CellRed Blood CellRed Blood CellRed Blood Cell White CellWhite CellWhite CellWhite Cell PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet

NeurtophilNeurtophilNeurtophilNeurtophil LymphocyteLymphocyteLymphocyteLymphocyte

Chapter 27 23

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Red CellsRed CellsRed CellsRed Cells

Made in the bone marrowMade in the bone marrowMade in the bone marrowMade in the bone marrow

Destroyed in the liverDestroyed in the liverDestroyed in the liverDestroyed in the liver

Stored in the spleenStored in the spleenStored in the spleenStored in the spleen

Heme + Globin + Iron = HemoglobinHeme + Globin + Iron = HemoglobinHeme + Globin + Iron = HemoglobinHeme + Globin + Iron = Hemoglobin

Anemia = Lack of red blood cellsAnemia = Lack of red blood cellsAnemia = Lack of red blood cellsAnemia = Lack of red blood cells

Chapter 27 24

HemoglobinHemoglobin

Polypeptide ChainsPolypeptide Chains

Heme GroupHeme Group RBCsRBCs

Chapter 27 25

RBC Regulation byRBC Regulation byNegative FeedbackNegative Feedback

Oxygen deficiencyOxygen deficiency

StimulatesStimulates

ErythropoietinErythropoietinproductionproductionby kidneysby kidneys

Restored oxygenRestored oxygenlevellevel

Red bloodRed bloodcell productioncell productionin bone marrowin bone marrow

InhibitsInhibits

StimulatesStimulates

CausesCauses

Chapter 27 26

White Blood Cells - PlateletsWhite Blood Cells - Platelets

Made in the Bone MarrowMade in the Bone MarrowMade in the Bone MarrowMade in the Bone Marrow

Programmed in the lymph glands and thymus glandsProgrammed in the lymph glands and thymus glandsProgrammed in the lymph glands and thymus glandsProgrammed in the lymph glands and thymus glands

White Blood CellsWhite Blood CellsWhite Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells

PlateletsPlateletsPlateletsPlatelets

Made in the bone marrowMade in the bone marrowMade in the bone marrowMade in the bone marrow

Chapter 27 27

A White Blood CellA White Blood CellAttacks BacteriaAttacks Bacteria

BacteriaBacteria

PseudopodiaPseudopodia

MacrophageMacrophage

Chapter 27 28

The Production of PlateletsThe Production of Platelets

Chapter 27 29

Blood ClottingBlood Clotting

ThromboplastinThromboplastinThromboplastinThromboplastin

prothrombinprothrombinprothrombinprothrombin ThrombinThrombinThrombinThrombin

FibrinogenFibrinogenFibrinogenFibrinogen FibrinFibrinFibrinFibrin

BBLLOOOODD

BBLLOOOODD

Ruptured PlateletRuptured PlateletRuptured PlateletRuptured Platelet

Chapter 27 30

Blood Clotting (a)Blood Clotting (a)

Chapter 27 31

Blood Clotting (b)Blood Clotting (b)

PlateletsPlatelets

FibrinFibrinNetworkNetwork

TrappedTrappedRBCsRBCs

Chapter 27 32

Blood VesselsBlood VesselsArteries and arteriolesArteries and arterioles• Thick walled, elastic to withstand high pressureThick walled, elastic to withstand high pressure• Carry blood away from the heartCarry blood away from the heart

CapillariesCapillaries• Tiniest vessels; thin, single-cell wall for easy Tiniest vessels; thin, single-cell wall for easy

diffusiondiffusion• Exchange of materials between blood & body cellsExchange of materials between blood & body cells

Venules and veinsVenules and veins• Thin-walled vessels surrounded smooth muscleThin-walled vessels surrounded smooth muscle• Low resistance to blood flowLow resistance to blood flow• Return blood to the heartReturn blood to the heart

Chapter 27 33

Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

Smooth MuscleSmooth MuscleSmooth MuscleSmooth Muscle

ArteryArteryArteryArtery

VeinVeinVeinVein

Chapter 27 34

Distribution of Blood FlowDistribution of Blood Flow

Regulated by muscular walls of arteriolesRegulated by muscular walls of arterioles

Influenced by:Influenced by:

• Autonomic nervesAutonomic nerves

• HormonesHormones

• Other chemicals released from nearby Other chemicals released from nearby tissuestissues

Chapter 27 35

The Human Circulatory SystemThe Human Circulatory System

HeartHeart

AortaAorta

CarotidCarotidArteryArtery

JugularJugularVeinVein

InferiorInferiorVena CavaVena Cava

SuperiorSuperiorVena CavaVena Cava

Chapter 27 36

FemoralFemoralArteryArtery

FemoralFemoralVeinVein

Chapter 27 37

Interconnections &Interconnections &Structures Blood VesselsStructures Blood Vessels

ArteryArtery

VeinVein

ArterioleArteriole

PrecapillaryPrecapillarySphinctersSphincters

CapillariesCapillaries

VenuleVenule

EndotheliumEndothelium

Conn. TissueConn. Tissue

MuscleMuscle

Conn. TissueConn. Tissue

Chapter 27 38

Valves Direct Flow ofValves Direct Flow ofBlood in VeinsBlood in Veins

Skeletal muscles help Skeletal muscles help return blood to heartreturn blood to heart

Valves prevent back-Valves prevent back-flowflow

Chapter 27 39

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

StructureStructure• Complex network of thin-walled vesselsComplex network of thin-walled vessels• In proximity to the capillary networkIn proximity to the capillary network• Composed of cells with openings between Composed of cells with openings between

them that act as one-way valvesthem that act as one-way valves

FunctionsFunctions• Removal of excess fluidRemoval of excess fluid• Transport of fats from the intestineTransport of fats from the intestine• Cellular body defensesCellular body defenses

Chapter 27 40

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic SystemSuperiorSuperior

Vena CavaVena Cava

TonsilTonsil

LymphLymphVesselsVessels

SpleenSpleen

ThoracicThoracicDuctDuct

HeartHeart

ThymusThymus

Thoracic DuctThoracic Ductenters vena cavaenters vena cava

Lymph NodeLymph NodeLymph NodeLymph Node

LymphocytesLymphocytes

LymphLymphFluidFluidValveValve

Chapter 27 41

LymphLymphCapillary Capillary StructureStructure

Capillaries leak plasmaCapillaries leak plasmato form interstitial fluidto form interstitial fluid

Interstitial fluid entersInterstitial fluid enterslymph vesselslymph vessels

Lymph conducted toLymph conducted tolarger lymph vesselslarger lymph vessels

Chapter 27 42

PlaquesPlaquesClog ArteriesClog Arteries

Chapter 27 43

Normal Artery - PlaqueNormal Artery - Plaque

Chapter 27Chapter 27

The EndThe End