Chapter 27Empire and Expansion

1890-1909

Summary

As the United States entered world affairs, it had to deal with many new problems and decisions. Starting as a country whose philosophical ties were to isolationism, it slowly became involved in foreign wars and colonialism. This chapter traces the steps toward becoming a world power from the Spanish-American War to the start of World War I

CCOT

"'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”

-George Washington’s Farwell Address

CCOT

• Monroe Doctrine• Manifest Destiny• Isolationism• Industrial Revolution

• Others?

Seward’s Folly - 1867

President of Imperialism

• William McKinley (1897-1901)– TR was his vice president

Clicker Question #1

Is the United States imperialistic or nation builders?

Clicker Question #2

Are you okay with the United States being involved in the affairs of other countries?

A.YESB.NO

Clicker Question #3

Why should the U.S. get involved in international affairs?

Clicker Question #4

Why should the U.S. NOT get involved in international affairs?

In 1896 the Washington Post editorialized

“A new consciousness seems to have come upon us—the consciousness of strength—and with it a

new appetite, the yearning to show our strength…. Ambition, interest, land hunger, pride, the mere joy of fighting, whatever it may be, we are animated by a new sensation. We are face to face with a strange destiny. The taste of Empire is

in the mouth of the people even as the taste of blood is in the jungle. It means an Imperial policy, the Republic, renascent, taking her place with the

armed nations.”

Causes of Imperialism

• Imperialism– Policy by which strong nations extend their

political, military, and economic control over weaker territories

Economic Gain• Raw Materials to make goods

• New Markets to sell goods

Militarism Naval bases to protect trade

Nationalism and Social Darwinism Moral duty to spread culture

Areas of Interest

Group Activity

What is your Foreign Policy?

America and Imperialism

• Mostly an isolationist country up until 1898– Very resource rich– Surplus of goods

“Today we are raising more [crops] than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use…Therefore we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.”

- Senator Albert J. Beveridge, 1898

Alfred Thayer Mahan

• Supported US expansion• “The Influence of Sea Power upon History”

– Believed US needed a navy to protect its economic interests in foreign markets

• Necessary to have overseas bases

How would a strong navy help the US acquire and control colonies?

National Superiority

• Imperialism was justified by racial, national, and cultural superiority

• Social Darwinism– Only the fittest survive!

• Manifest Destiny– Expanding beyond the western frontier

Clicker Question #5

Do you believe in the survival of the fittest?

A Change in Mood

• Big Sister Policy– Open trade between the U.S. and Latin America

• U.S. Skirmishes:– Germany– Italy– Chile– Canada– Great Britain

U.S Expansion

Eastern Samoa (1889) - Naval Base

Hawaii (1898) - Sugar - Naval Base - Trade stop to China

Puerto Rico (1899) - Protect US investments

Alaska (1867) - Timber - Oil - Doubled Size

Philippines (1899) - Trade

Guam (1899) - Trade

Debate the Issue

Should the United States get involved in foreign affairs?

How has the United States imperialistic agenda been both beneficial and problematic?

Relate past/contemporary informationto support your answer

Decline of Spain

• Spain was an imperial nation on the decline– Controlled only a few countries:

• Philippine Islands in the Pacific• Caribbean islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba

Rebellion in Cuba

• Cuba launched a war for independence from Spain in 1895– Cuba becomes unstable

• American entrepreneurs had invested “mucho dinero” in Cuba

Yellow Journalism

• Newspapers want US to declare war on Spain– William Randolph Hearst– Joseph Pulitzer

• Yellow Journalism– Exaggerated stories or sensational

headlines/pictures

“And shall our country let it pass, this deed of foul intent?

And shall our country dare believe it was an accident?...

Come arm, we all, and let us teach a lesson to bold Spain.

We will avenge, by more than speech and destruction of the Maine!”

-

H.W. Petrie “The Wreck of the Maine”

1898

Activity

Flip through your newspaper and highlight at least THREE examples of

“yellow journalism”

Reasons to Defend Cuba/Go To War

1. Intercepted Letter– McKinley called “a weak and stupid politician”

• Published by Hearst (Yellow Journalism)

2. USS Maine– 250 U.S sailors were killed

• “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!”

3. Sympathy for Revolution

Spanish-American War

• Congress declared war on Spain April 25, 1898

• War in the Philippines– First battle– Naval battle in Manila Bay

• led by George Dewey

Dewey Poem

• Oh, dewy was the morningUpon the first of May,And Dewey was the Admiral,Down in Manila Bay.And dewy were the Spaniards' eyes,Them orbs of black and blue;And dew we feel discouraged?I dew not think we dew!

Spanish-American War

• Congress declared war on Spain April 25, 1898

• War in Cuba– Combo of Army and Navy– Rough Riders

• Led by TR

Rough Riders

A Young TR

“Splendid Little War”

PROS

• US gains:– Cuba– Puerto Rico– Guam– Philippines (paid $20 million)

• US becomes one of the imperialist world powers

• Helped heal North/South relations

CONS

• 3,000 soldiers died– 400 in battle– 5,000 from disease

• Malaria• Yellow Fever

• Control over distant island eventually caused bitterness/future wars

- Secretary of State John Hay

GoverningPuerto Rico Cuba

The Foraker Act established a

territorial government in Puerto Rico

The Jones Act granted Puerto Ricans U.S citizenship and the

right to elect both houses of the legislature

1952- Puerto Rico became a self-governing

commonwealth

The Platt AmendmentMade Cuba a protectorate

1934- The U.S renounced the right to interfere in

Cuban affairs

Teller AmendmentAfter U.S. overthrew the

Spanish, they would give the Cubans their freedom

Devil’s Dilemma

• What to do with the Philippines?– Questioned their national identity

• Can’t give back to Spain• Can’t just leave and allow anarchy• Can’t let another country seize it

• Created two camps in the U.S.– Imperialists vs. Anti-Imperialists

In the words of McKinley

“When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess I did not know

what to do with them…. I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance…. And one night late it came to me this way…. That

there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and by God's

grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men, for whom Christ also died. And then I

went to bed and went to sleep, and slept soundly.”

Jingoism

• Extreme Patriotism– Especially in the form of aggressive or warlike

foreign policy• Imperialists

The White Man’s Burden

Take up the White Man's burdenYe dare not stoop to less

Nor call too loud on FreedomTo cloak your weariness.

Rudyard Kipling

War in the Philippines

• Exit Spain, Enter the US– Philippine rebels didn’t like the US possessing them

• Why did we do it?– Philippines were a valuable stepping stone to trade

in China– If we didn’t, someone else would– To “civilize” the people

U.S Involvement in China

• China opened up trade with the U.S and Europe– In 1895 Japan attacked and defeated China– With China weak, US and Europe carved out

spheres of influence• Regions where a particular country has exclusive rights

over mines, railroads, and trade

• Open Door Policy• All nations were given equal access to trade and investment in China

The Boxer Rebellion

• The Chinese resented foreigners– Created a secret society called the Fists of

Righteous Harmony• Known as the Boxers by westerners

• 1900- Boxers attacked and killed about 300 Western missionaries and traders– Foreign countries sent troops

• China had to pay $333 million for damages

Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?

McKinley

• Won a war• Acquired tons of real-estate• Safeguarded the gold

standard• American prosperity

• McKinley won

Bryan

• Focused on Republican overseas imperialism and linked it to slavery

McKinley Assassinated

• Mark Hanna feared that TR was “one heartbeat away” from the presidency– His worse nightmare came true

• Teddy becomes president in 1901– “Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far”– Believed in leading boldly

• Took any action that the Constitution didn’t specifically forbid

Diplomacy• Teddy Roosevelt

– Big Stick Diplomacy• Strong military to achieve America’s goals

• William Howard Taft– Dollar Diplomacy

• “substituting dollars for bullets”– economic influence over military force

• Woodrow Wilson– Moral Diplomacy

• Promote human rights rather than conquer territory

What are the advantages and disadvantages of adopting TR’s “big stick policy?

Panama Canal

• Panama was originally part of Colombia– U.S wanted the canal to cut travel time– Offered $$$

• Colombia didn’t want to deal. Panama did– U.S aided Panama rebels to help Panama become an

independent nation in 1903» HAY-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (U.S gets 10 mile Canal Zone)» Canal opened in 1914

Activity- DBQ

Did the United States aid Panama during the Panamanian Revolution against Colombia?

TR’s Monroe Doctrine

• Roosevelt Corollary (1904)– Updated the Monroe Doctrine for an age of

economic imperialism– U.S would be an international police power in the

Western Hemisphere• Ex. Dominican Republic/Venezuela were unable to pay

loans owed to Europe– U.S solved the problem

• U.S. was responsible of keeping the world safe

Russo – Japanese War

• Japan had industrialized and became a threat to the U.S

• War between Russia and Japan– U.S was against this war– Feared being cut off from trade by winner

• US helps make peace

The Great White Fleet

• Roosevelt sent four destroyers and 16 battleships to ports around the world to show off our military strength

What impact do you think the sight of these battleships had at ports around the world?

Activity

• The United States continues to conduct a great deal of trade with other nations. Research American exports and create a table that shows the 10 countries that receive the most American goods, the types of those goods, and their total value over the past 10 years.