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Chapter 27, Section 2:Chapter 27, Section 2:World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins
Main Idea: Japanese and German aggression plunged the world into a war that eventually
involved the United States.
Japanese Invasion
of China, 1937
Japanese Invasion
of China, 1937
A. Japan Sparks War in AsiaA. Japan Sparks War in Asia Japan began an all-out war
against China in 1937. This alarmed American
leaders, who felt it undermined the Open Door Policy, which promised equal trading rights in China.
Even though most Americans opposed Japan’s actions, isolationism prevented the US from taking any action.
B. Germany Brings War to EuropeB. Germany Brings War to Europe Hitler continued his plans to expand
Germany by reclaiming land that was lost after WWI in the Versailles Treaty.– After he built up Germany’s military &
moved troops into the Rhineland, he annexed Austria in 1938 (called the “Anschluss”).
• This was also a violation of the Treaty, and once again, no action is taken by Britain or France.
– He then claimed the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, in 1938, claiming that it should be part of Germany due to the fact that a lot of Germans were living there.
AppeasementAppeasement At the Munich Conference in 9/38,
Hitler promised Britain & France that he would seek no more land after this. To keep the peace, they agreed to his terms.– Appeasement – giving in to aggression
in order to avoid war/conflict All of these were violations of the Treaty
of Versailles from WWI, but Britain and France gave in to Hitler each time, hoping to keep the peace (appeasement).
The Ineffectiveness of the League of NationsThe Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations
• No control of major conflicts.• No progress in disarmament.• No effective military force.
Soviet poster on the Munich Agreement
Germany Invades the
RhinelandMarch 7, 1936
Germany Invades the
RhinelandMarch 7, 1936
The Austrian Anschluss,
1938
The Austrian Anschluss,
1938
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement,
1938
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement,
1938
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business
with.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
The “Problem” of theSudetenland
The “Problem” of theSudetenland
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
In hindsight, appeasement was a bad idea. Hitler got bolder and more powerful with each move.– He takes rest of Czechoslovakia
after the Munich Conference (after he promised not to take any more).
Invasion of PolandInvasion of Poland Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) - Hitler
& Stalin (rival dictators) agreed not to attack each other, & secretly divided up Poland & other parts of Eastern Europe.
With assurances that neither one would not interfere with the other, Hitler invades Poland on 9/1/39 (blitzkrieg – lightning war).
Meanwhile Stalin invades eastern Poland, along with Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, & Latvia, to build his defenses.
German Troops March into Warsaw
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact,
1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact,
1939
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
C. A Second World WarC. A Second World War Two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland,
Britain & France declare war on Germany. The Axis - Germany, Italy, Japan & 6 others. The Allies - Britain, France, the Soviet Union,
the United States, China and 45 others.Fall of FranceFall of France
Hitler's armies defeated Denmark, Norway, Holland, & Belgium quickly & easily.
The British sent troops to France to help them fight the Germans, but they too were defeated. Rescue @ Dunkirk (English Channel)
France surrendered on 6/22/40 (major shock!)Battle of BritainBattle of Britain
Britain now stood alone as the only country to defend Europe (USSR & USA were not in yet).
Winston Churchill speech on 6/4/40: “We shall fight on the beaches … we shall fight in the
fields & in the streets … we shall never surrender.” Germany carpet-bombed English cities for
months, trying to force their surrender. Eventually, Hitler gave up his planned invasion of England & turned his attention elsewhere (big mistake!).
Now Britain Is All Alone!
France – False Sense of Security?
France – False Sense of Security?
France Surrenders June, 1940
France Surrenders June, 1940
Henri Petain
A Divided France
Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”Battle of Britain: The “Blitz”British Prime Minister Winston
ChurchillBritish Prime Minister Winston
Churchill
D. The US Moves Toward WarD. The US Moves Toward WarAid to the AlliesAid to the Allies
After war broke out, FDR looked for ways to help the Allies, while staying neutral.
– The “cash-&-carry” plan allowed the US to sell weapons to the Allies, as long as they paid in advance & got them on their own ships.
– “Destroyers-for-Bases” allowed the US to give Britain 50 old ships in exchange for 99-year leases on 2 British military bases.
Prepared for WarPrepared for WarThe US increased military spending & America had the first peacetime draft in its history in 1940 (to be ready … just in case).
A Third Term for FDRA Third Term for FDRThe threat of war persuaded FDR to run for an unprecedented 3rd term as President.
– Broke the 2-term precedent set by Washington.– He received a lot of criticism from both parties.
FDR wins his third election in 1940 by defeating Republican Wendell Willkie.
– Both candidates supported sending aid to Britain without getting in the war directly.
U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1934-
1939
U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1934-
1939
Lend-LeaseLend-LeaseThe Lend-Lease Act allowed for sales or loans of war goods to “any country whose defense is vital to the defense of the U.S.”
– Basically, Britain does the fighting, we provide the weapons & supplies.
– After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in 6/41, the Lend-Lease Act was extended to also include them.
War GoalsThe Atlantic Charter was a document created by Roosevelt & Churchill that set goals for the world after the war was over.
– Pledged to support self-determination (right of all people to choose their form of government).
– Called for a “permanent system of general security” like the L o N (later called the United Nations).
Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest MistakeBattle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter
Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941.
Solidifies alliance.
Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points.
Calls for League of Nations type organization.
E. War Comes to the United StatesE. War Comes to the United States Japan joined the Axis powers in 9/40.
An EmbargoAn Embargo The US stopped selling oil & scrap metal to
Japan (badly needed) unless they withdrew their armies from China & other parts of Asia.– As negotiations between them stalled, Japan
secretly planned an attack on the US.
The Tripartite PactRome-Berlin-Tokyo
Axis*The U.S. oil embargo worried Japan. Without imported oil, Japan’s industrial and military infrastructure would collapse.
Japan Attacks Pearl HarborJapan Attacks Pearl HarborAt 7:55am on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese planes seriously damaged 19 US ships, 200 planes & killed about 2,400 people in less than 2 hours @ Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
– “I fear all we have done is awaken a sleeping giant.”FDR: “A date which will live in infamy.”
– “No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory.”
The US declares war on Japan the next day; Germany and Italy then declare war on the USPearl Harbor united the nation to war.
Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
USS Arizona, Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, Pearl HarborA date which will live in A date which will live in infamy!infamy!
President Roosevelt Signs
the US Declaration of War
President Roosevelt Signs
the US Declaration of War
"A date which will live in infamy."
Pearl Harbor Memorial
Pearl Harbor Memorial