CHAPTER 28CHAPTER 28

COLD WARCOLD WAR

1945-19601945-1960

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Describe the actions in stabilizing Describe the actions in stabilizing Germany and Japan after the warGermany and Japan after the war

Discuss how the Allied Powers tried Discuss how the Allied Powers tried war criminalswar criminals

Explain why the United Nations was Explain why the United Nations was foundedfounded

Trace the events that led to the Trace the events that led to the founding of Israelfounding of Israel

POTSDAM CONFERENCEPOTSDAM CONFERENCE

Potsdam Conference held in Potsdam Conference held in Potsdam, GermanyPotsdam, Germany

Allied leaders that participated were: Allied leaders that participated were: Truman, Churchill, and StalinTruman, Churchill, and Stalin

Divided Germany into 2 countriesDivided Germany into 2 countries

(East Germany and West Germany)(East Germany and West Germany)

WEST GERMANYWEST GERMANY

Western occupation zone was Western occupation zone was controlled by GB, France, and UScontrolled by GB, France, and US

EAST GERMANYEAST GERMANY

Eastern occupation zone was Eastern occupation zone was controlled by the USSRcontrolled by the USSR

OCCUPATION OF JAPANOCCUPATION OF JAPAN

Emperor Hirohito remained in power Emperor Hirohito remained in power after WWIIafter WWII

US General Douglas MacArthur US General Douglas MacArthur helped demobilize the Japanese helped demobilize the Japanese militarymilitary

ENDING OF THE ZAIBATSUENDING OF THE ZAIBATSU

Huge corporations run by a single Huge corporations run by a single family that had a monopoly endedfamily that had a monopoly ended

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Seizure_of_the_Zaibatsu_families_assets.JPG

WAR CRIME TRIALSWAR CRIME TRIALS

Nuremberg, GermanyNuremberg, Germany

Adolf Eichmann – architect of the Adolf Eichmann – architect of the extermination program that killed 6 extermination program that killed 6 million Jewsmillion Jews

WAR CRIME TRIALS WAR CRIME TRIALS IN TOKYO, JAPANIN TOKYO, JAPAN

Hiddeki Tojo – Japan’s Premier was Hiddeki Tojo – Japan’s Premier was sentenced to deathsentenced to death

UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS

Postwar International OrganizationPostwar International Organization

(promoted world peace)(promoted world peace)

San Francisco was the site the meeting San Francisco was the site the meeting for 50 nations to draw up the charterfor 50 nations to draw up the charter

Eventually, New York City became the Eventually, New York City became the UN HeadquartersUN Headquarters

THE FOUNDING OF ISRAELTHE FOUNDING OF ISRAEL(Conflict that the UN faced in 1947)(Conflict that the UN faced in 1947)

Palestine – area claimed by the Arabs and Palestine – area claimed by the Arabs and the Jewsthe Jews

Jews moved to Palestine after WWIIJews moved to Palestine after WWII

Arabs – protested the Jews move to the Arabs – protested the Jews move to the land that they claimed as their ownland that they claimed as their own

ZIONISMZIONISM

Refers to Jewish peopleRefers to Jewish people

Plan to set-up a Jewish community Plan to set-up a Jewish community (nation) in Palestine.(nation) in Palestine.

Jewish leaders proclaimed the new Jewish leaders proclaimed the new nation to be called Israelnation to be called Israel

SECTION 2SECTION 2

The Cold War BeginsThe Cold War Begins

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Explains the causes of the Cold WarExplains the causes of the Cold WarTrace how the U.S. tried to control the Trace how the U.S. tried to control the

development of the atomic weaponsdevelopment of the atomic weaponsAnalyze how the Marshall Plan helped Analyze how the Marshall Plan helped

block the spread of communism in block the spread of communism in EuropeEurope

Describe how the Western Allies Describe how the Western Allies responded to Soviet expansionresponded to Soviet expansion

COLD WARCOLD WAR

U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for international dominanceinternational dominance

There were economic, political, and There were economic, political, and philosophical differencesphilosophical differences

SATELLITE NATIONSSATELLITE NATIONS

Soviet controlled nations during the Soviet controlled nations during the Cold War era mainly in eastern Cold War era mainly in eastern EuropeEurope

IRON CURTAINIRON CURTAIN(physical boundary in eastern (physical boundary in eastern

Europe)Europe)

Communism spreading across Europe Communism spreading across Europe that isolated the east from the westthat isolated the east from the west

POLICY OF CONTAINMENTPOLICY OF CONTAINMENT

George Keenan (State Department George Keenan (State Department official)official)

Devised a policy to restrict the Devised a policy to restrict the expansion of Soviet communismexpansion of Soviet communism

(U.S. tough stand against (U.S. tough stand against communism)communism)

DEADLOCK OVER DEADLOCK OVER ATOMIC WEAPONSATOMIC WEAPONS

Baruch Plan – U.S. Presidential advisorBaruch Plan – U.S. Presidential advisor

Created a special international agencyCreated a special international agency

Had authority to inspect atomic-energy Had authority to inspect atomic-energy plantsplants

Bernard Baruch- Presidential Advisor

TESTING OF THE TESTING OF THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMBFIRST ATOMIC BOMB

Besides the U.S., the Soviet Union Besides the U.S., the Soviet Union tested the atomic bomb in 1949 (US tested the atomic bomb in 1949 (US created the bomb in 1942, used it in created the bomb in 1942, used it in 1945)1945)

Thus the U.S. mistrusted the U.S.S.RThus the U.S. mistrusted the U.S.S.R

TRUMAN DOCTRINETRUMAN DOCTRINE

President Truman’s Cold War policyPresident Truman’s Cold War policy

Expand the strategy of containment Expand the strategy of containment by economically and financially by economically and financially supporting all “free people”.supporting all “free people”.

Congress approved $400 million to Congress approved $400 million to aid Greece and Turkeyaid Greece and Turkey

MARSHALL PLANMARSHALL PLAN

George C. Marshall - Secretary of StateGeorge C. Marshall - Secretary of State

Provide $13 billion in aid to western Provide $13 billion in aid to western Europe for economic recovery after Europe for economic recovery after WWIIWWII

Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize in Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his efforts1953 for his efforts

BERLIN AIRLIFTBERLIN AIRLIFT

June of 1948 – Soviets blocked all June of 1948 – Soviets blocked all roads, canal, and railroads linking roads, canal, and railroads linking Berlin to West GermanyBerlin to West Germany

Cut off supplies to BerlinCut off supplies to BerlinU.S. distributes 2 million tons of food U.S. distributes 2 million tons of food

and supplies during the next 10 and supplies during the next 10 monthsmonths

Airlift was a success because Soviets Airlift was a success because Soviets lifted the blockadelifted the blockade

West Berlin and East Berlin during the airlift

NATONATO

North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

Dwight Eisenhower was the Supreme Dwight Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander of the NATO forcesCommander of the NATO forces

Military securityMilitary security

9 western European nations joined the U.S. 9 western European nations joined the U.S. in pledge to defend one another in case of in pledge to defend one another in case of an attackan attack

WARSAW PACTWARSAW PACT

Warsaw (Poland) PactWarsaw (Poland) Pact

Soviets response to NATOSoviets response to NATO

Soviets formed their own military Soviets formed their own military alliance with communist countries in alliance with communist countries in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

SECTION 3SECTION 3

The Cold War Turns HotThe Cold War Turns Hot

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Analyze the factors that led to the Analyze the factors that led to the escalation of the conflict in Koreaescalation of the conflict in Korea

Describe the domestic and Describe the domestic and international effects of the Korean Warinternational effects of the Korean War

Discuss the methods that President Discuss the methods that President Eisenhower used to promote U.S. Eisenhower used to promote U.S. interests abroadinterests abroad

KOREAN WARKOREAN WAR(never a declared war)(never a declared war)

Divided into Korea into North Korea Divided into Korea into North Korea and South Koreaand South Korea

Began in 1950 and ended in 1953Began in 1950 and ended in 1953

DOUGLAS MACARTHURDOUGLAS MACARTHUR

U.S. General in charge of American U.S. General in charge of American forces in Koreaforces in Korea

CHINA ENTERS THE WARCHINA ENTERS THE WAR

300,000 troops from China aided 300,000 troops from China aided North Korea in November, 1950North Korea in November, 1950

CONFLICT BETWEEN PRESIDENT CONFLICT BETWEEN PRESIDENT TRUMAN AND GENERAL TRUMAN AND GENERAL

MACARTHURMACARTHUR

General MacArthur questioned the General MacArthur questioned the leadership of President Truman in the leadership of President Truman in the Korean WarKorean War

President Truman removes MacArthurPresident Truman removes MacArthur

America opposes the removal America opposes the removal

1951 KOREAN WAR SETTLED1951 KOREAN WAR SETTLED INTO A STALEMATE INTO A STALEMATE

Stalemate – neither side attempted Stalemate – neither side attempted to make a move offensivelyto make a move offensively

1952 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION1952 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

President Harry S. Truman decided not President Harry S. Truman decided not to runto run

Republicans:Republicans:

Dwight Eisenhower - President Dwight Eisenhower - President

Richard Nixon – Vice PresidentRichard Nixon – Vice President

Democrat:Democrat:

Presidential candidate Adlai StevensonPresidential candidate Adlai Stevenson

WAR ENDS WAR ENDS ARMISTICE (peace treaty) ARMISTICE (peace treaty)

SIGNEDSIGNEDJuly 27, 1953July 27, 1953

President Eisenhower used military President Eisenhower used military force to get peace negotiations movingforce to get peace negotiations moving

Stepped up bombing raids on North Stepped up bombing raids on North KoreaKorea

Threatened to use nuclear weaponsThreatened to use nuclear weapons

3838thth Parallel Parallel

Became the defensive line in the Became the defensive line in the

Korean WarKorean War

DEATH COUNTDEATH COUNT

U.S. – 54,000 died and 103,000 U.S. – 54,000 died and 103,000 woundedwounded

Korea and China – 1.5 million diedKorea and China – 1.5 million died

BRINKMANSHIPBRINKMANSHIP

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles Secretary of State John Foster Dulles policy was called brinkmanshippolicy was called brinkmanship

maneuver of pushing a situation to maneuver of pushing a situation to the brink succeeds by forcing the the brink succeeds by forcing the opponent to back down and make opponent to back down and make concessions.concessions.

Example: massive retaliation Example: massive retaliation including the use of nuclear weaponsincluding the use of nuclear weapons

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCYCENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

CIA CIA

President Eisenhower recommended President Eisenhower recommended the use of the CIAthe use of the CIA

To gather strategic information and To gather strategic information and pursue his Cold War goalspursue his Cold War goals

SOVIET LEADERSOVIET LEADERNIKITA KHRUSHCHEVNIKITA KHRUSHCHEV

Led the Soviets in an era of reform in Led the Soviets in an era of reform in the U.S.S.Rthe U.S.S.R

Publicly accused his predecessor, Publicly accused his predecessor, Joseph Stalin – of committing ruthless Joseph Stalin – of committing ruthless crimes prior to his death in 1953crimes prior to his death in 1953

U-2 SPY PLANEU-2 SPY PLANE

American spy plane was shot down American spy plane was shot down over the U.S.S.R in May of 1960over the U.S.S.R in May of 1960

U.S. and Soviet Union was to meet in a U.S. and Soviet Union was to meet in a summit prior to the plane being shot summit prior to the plane being shot downdown

U.S.S.R. wanted an apology from U.S. – U.S.S.R. wanted an apology from U.S. – U.S. refuses!U.S. refuses!

SECTION 4SECTION 4

The Cold War at HomeThe Cold War at Home

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Discuss the actions the U.S. took to Discuss the actions the U.S. took to limit communism at homelimit communism at home

Explain how Senator Joseph Explain how Senator Joseph McCarthy was able to play upon McCarthy was able to play upon Americans’ fear of communismAmericans’ fear of communism

Describe how the U.S. reacted to the Describe how the U.S. reacted to the prospect of nuclear warprospect of nuclear war

RED SCARERED SCARE

Fear of communism spreading into Fear of communism spreading into the U.S. governmentthe U.S. government

THE SEARCH FOR SPIESTHE SEARCH FOR SPIES

Alger Hiss – was a communist spy Alger Hiss – was a communist spy that worked for the State that worked for the State DepartmentDepartment

Given 5 years in prisonGiven 5 years in prison

THE SEARCH FOR SPIESTHE SEARCH FOR SPIES

Julius and Ethel RosenbergJulius and Ethel Rosenberg

Provided Soviets with atomic-energy Provided Soviets with atomic-energy secrets during WWIIsecrets during WWII

Executed in 1953Executed in 1953

McCARTHYISMMcCARTHYISM

U.S. Senator from Wisconsin – Joseph U.S. Senator from Wisconsin – Joseph McCarthy McCarthy

Claimed to have a list of known Claimed to have a list of known communists in the State Departmentcommunists in the State Department

Never produced the listNever produced the listSeveral people lost their jobsSeveral people lost their jobsHe never proved any of the He never proved any of the

accusationsaccusations

NUCLEAR ANXIETYNUCLEAR ANXIETY

U.S. scientists began working on the U.S. scientists began working on the hydrogen bomb in 1950hydrogen bomb in 1950

1,000 times more powerful than the 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bombatomic bomb

NUCLEAR ANXIETYNUCLEAR ANXIETY

Robert Oppenheimer was the creator Robert Oppenheimer was the creator of the hydrogen bombof the hydrogen bomb

U.S. tested the bomb in 1952 on an U.S. tested the bomb in 1952 on an island in the Pacificisland in the Pacific

9 months later the Soviets tested the 9 months later the Soviets tested the bombbomb

RELIGION AND RELIGION AND THE NUCLEAR WARTHE NUCLEAR WAR

Billy Graham – Evangelist that urged Billy Graham – Evangelist that urged Americans to turn to God because of Americans to turn to God because of the fears of nuclear warthe fears of nuclear war

Investments in the construction of Investments in the construction of institutions rose from $76 million in institutions rose from $76 million in 1946 to $868 million in 19571946 to $868 million in 1957

RELIGION AND RELIGION AND THE NUCLEAR WARTHE NUCLEAR WAR

Pledge of Allegiance – Congress Pledge of Allegiance – Congress added “One Nation Under God” added “One Nation Under God”

U.S. coins – “In God We Trust”U.S. coins – “In God We Trust”

SPACE PROGRAMSPACE PROGRAM

Sputnik – Soviet Union launched the Sputnik – Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite in 1957first artificial satellite in 1957

Weighed 200 poundsWeighed 200 pounds

U.S. felt that they were left behind in U.S. felt that they were left behind in the technological developmentthe technological development

SPACE PROGRAMSPACE PROGRAM

U.S. launched Explorer I in 1958 U.S. launched Explorer I in 1958

SPACE PROGRAMSPACE PROGRAM

NASA ( National Aeronautics and NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Administration) started in Space Administration) started in

19581958