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Chapter 28: World War IISection 2: World War II
(1939-1945)
By Dallin F. Hardy
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Axis powersMajor
GermanyItalyJapan
MinorHungaryRomaniaSlovakiaBulgaria
Yugoslavia
Croatia
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Allied PowersMajor
United KingdomFranceSoviet UnionUnited States
Minor AustraliaNew ZealandCanada
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BlitzkriegLightening War
PlanesClose air support
Tanks
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Germany Invades1940
AprilDenmarkNorway
MayHolland
BelgiumLuxemburg
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The Phony WarOctober 1939- May 1940
Little force was used bythe Germans
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DunkirkTrapped forcesBritishFrench
French portEnglish Channel
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Evacuation of DunkirkResulted in saving
British200,000
French10,000
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Invasion of FranceGermany took
ParisJune 22, 1940
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Battle of BritainJuly 1940-May 1941
Germany planned toinvadeOperation Sea LionStarted with an air attack
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Winston Churchill1940-1945
Prime Minister of Britain
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LuftwaffeGerman Air force
MostPowerfulModernExperienced
Attacked
British AirfieldsFighter planes
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Heinkel He 111Medium bomber
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Junkers Ju 87
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Germany attackedGreat Britain using its
Luftwaffe
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Royal Air ForceRAF
Defenders of Britain
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SpitfireBritish single seat
fighter
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Hawker HurricaneFighter
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“we shall fight in France we shall
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we shall fight in France, we shallfight on the seas and oceans, weshall fight with growing confidenceand growing strength in the air, weshall defend our Island, whateverthe cost may be, we shall fight onthe beaches, we shall fight on thelanding grounds, we shall fight inthe fields and in the streets, weshall fight in the hills; we shallnever surrender, and even if,which I do not for a momentbelieve, this Island or a large partof it were subjugated and starving,then our Empire beyond the seas,armed and guarded by the BritishFleet, would carry on the struggle,until, in God's good time, the NewWorld, with all its power and
might, steps forth to the rescueand the liberation of the old.” Winston Churchill
“we shall fight in France we shall
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we shall fight in France, we shallfight on the seas and oceans, weshall fight with growing confidenceand growing strength in the air, weshall defend our Island, whateverthe cost may be, we shall fight on
the beaches, we shall fight on thelanding grounds, we shall fight inthe fields and in the streets, weshall fight in the hills; we shallnever surrender, and even if,which I do not for a momentbelieve, this Island or a large partof it were subjugated and starving,then our Empire beyond the seas,armed and guarded by the BritishFleet, would carry on the struggle,until, in God's good time, the NewWorld, with all its power and
might, steps forth to the rescueand the liberation of the old.” Winston Churchill
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Bombing of LondonSeptember, 1940-May1941Germany
Switched tacticsTargeted civilians
Killed43,000 people
DestroyedOver a million houses
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English childrenWere re-located to thecountry side
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“Never in the field ofhuman conflict was so
much owed by so manyto so few.” Winston Churchill
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“Let us therefore braceourselves to our duties,and so bear ourselvesthat, if the British Empireand its Commonwealthlast for a thousand years,men will still say, "Thiswas their finest hour."
Winston Churchill
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“Let us therefore braceourselves to our duties,and so bear ourselvesthat, if the British Empire
and its Commonwealthlast for a thousand years,men will still say, "Thiswas their finest hour."
Winston Churchill
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British AdvantagesWell trained pilots
CommunicationsRadar
Faster fighter planesSpitfireHurricane
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Churchill & RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt
President of the UnitedStates
1933-1945
Sought U.S. involvement inWWII
Americans “Isolationists”
Non-interventionist
83%Were against participationin the war
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“I have said this before,but I shall say it again
and again and again: Your boys are not goingto be sent into anyforeign wars.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt1940
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Tyler Kent1940Code clerk
American embassy
DiscoveredSecret dispatches
ChurchillRoosevelt
Sought to bring U.S.into the war
Sought to alert AmericansCaught
Imprisoned during the war
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United States Support
SuppliedMilitaryMunitionsIntelligence
TradedWarships for militarybases
EstablishedConvoys
All of which was an actof war
GermanyDeclined to declare waron the U.S.
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The Lend-Lease ActMarch 1941
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Invasion of Russia1941
HitlerSought “Lebensraum”
UkraineTo avoid a two front war
Felt that Britain had beenSubdued
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“We have only to kick inthe door and the wholerotten structure willcome crashing down.”
Adolf Hitler
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The Battle of Moscow1941
October-December
German troops Arrived outside of the city
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MorozkoRussian
Old Man WinterGeneral WinterGeneral Snow
5 MonthsNovember-March-22 F
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Great Northern War1700Sweden invaded
17,000 Casualties
Napoleon's invasion1812
525,000 Casualties
Germany’s invasion 1941
734,000
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ResultsGerman defeat
CasualtiesGermany
582,000
Soviet UnionCasualties
1.3 Million
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The Eastern Front1941-1945Germany
2 Front War1944
“War of Extermination” The Biggest theatre ofwar in human history
30 Million killedMostly civilians
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BismarckSank the Hood
May 24, 1941
Of the British NavyPrideFlagship
“Sink the Bismarck ” Winston Churchill
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We'll find that german battleshipThat's makin' such a fussWe gotta sink the Bismark'Cause the world depends on us
Hit the decks a-runnin' boys And spin those guns aroundWhen we find the Bismark we gotta cuther down
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The Hood found the Bismark and on that fatal dayThe Bismark started firin' fifteen miles awayWe gotta sink the Bismark was the battle soundBut when the smoke had cleared awayThe mighty Hood went down
For six long days and weary nightsThey tried to find her trailChurchill told the people put ev'ry ship a-sail'Cause somewhere on that oceanI know she's gotta be
We gotta sink the Bismark to the bottom of the sea
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We'll find that german battleshipThat's makin' such a fussWe gotta sink the Bismark'Cause the world depends on usHit the decks a-runnin' boys
And spin those guns aroundWhen we find the Bismark we
gotta cut her down
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The fog was gone the seventh day And they saw the mornin' sunTen hours away from homelandThe Bismark made its runThe admiral of the british fleet saidTurn those bows aroundWe found that german battleship
And we're gonna cut her down
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We found that german battleshipWas makin' such a fussWe had to sink the Bismark'Cause the world depends on usWe hit the deck a-runnin' andWe spun those guns aroundWe found the mighty Bismark
And then we cut her down
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Capture of U-110May 1941Captured the German
Enigma Machine
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“Our Empire, for the
purpose of self-defenseand self-preservation,will completepreparations for war ...
[and is] ... resolved togo to war with theUnited States, GreatBritain and theNetherlands ifnecessary.”
Hirohito
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ResultsJapanese Victory
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p yUnited States
Declares war on JapanEnters WWII
United StatesCasualties
2,335 Killed1,143 Wounded8 Battleships188 Planes
JapanCasualties
64 Killed29 Planes
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Did FDR know about theJapanese attack on PearlHarbor?
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“The question was howwe should maneuverthem [the Japanese] intothe position of firing thefirst shot….”
Henry StimsonSecretary of War
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December 11, 1941GermanyItaly
Declare war on the UnitedStates
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The Doolittle Raid April 18, 1942First U.S. air raid againstthe Japanese
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Status of 1942German Submarines
Sank ships faster thanthe Allies could makethem
GermanyControlled most ofEurope
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JapaneseSeized
Guam
Wake IslandHong KongSingapore
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Allied FocusEuropean Theatre
United States NavyPacific
Still engaged the Japanese
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U.S. Aircraft CarriersSurvived the bombing
Pearl Harbor
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Battle of MidwayJune 4-7, 1942Pacific theatre of war
Midway Islands
United States attackedJapanese
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SBD’s
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Torpedo Boat
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Destroyer
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Battleship
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Carrier
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USS Yorktown
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USS Enterprise
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ResultsUnited States victoryHampered the Japaneseoffensive
United StatesCasualties307 Killed1 Carrier1 Destroyer
JapaneseCasualties
3,057 Killed4 Carriers1 Cruiser228 Planes
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North AfricaBritish and Americanforces
Pushed back theGermans
Tanks
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Soviet Union
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T-37
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T-38
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T-34
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T-50
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T-70
B iti h T k
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British Tanks
M7 Priest
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Hobart’s Funnies
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M3 Lee
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M4 Sherman
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Sherman DD
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M24
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M10 WolverineTank Destroyer
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M26 Pershing
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Panzer I
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Panzer V Panther
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Panzer VI Tiger1942-1945Thick armor
Large main gun
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Battle of El AlameinOctober 1942British General
Bernard MontgomeryLed the 8 th Army
Against Germans inEgypt
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General Erwin RommelLed the German AfrikaKorps
“Desert Fox”
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Results Allied VictoryTurning point in the deserttheatre of war
Great BritainCasualties
13,500 Killed/Wounded500 Tanks
GermanyCasualties
20,000 Killed/Wounded30,000 Captured
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Erwin RommelGerman GeneralForces were pushed back
to Tunisia
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Operation Torch1942British-American invasion
North Africa
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Dwight D. EisenhowerCommanded Americantroops
Morocco Algeria
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May 1943General Rommel’s forcessurrendered
Tunisia
Allied Advances in Europe
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ItaliansOverthrew
Benito MussoliniShotHanged with piano wire
New government sidedwith the Allies
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September 1943 Allied forces invade Italy
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Liberation of RomeJune 4, 1944First European capitol to
be freed
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The Battle of Stalingrad August 21, 1941-February 2, 1943
Soviet RussiaGerman siegeCould be
The bloodiest battle in
human history
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24 HoursLife expectancy of aSoviet soldier
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Besiegers Become theBesieged
1942
German 6th
armyCompletely surroundedby Soviet troops
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ResultsSoviet VictoryBloodiest battle in history
The turning point of
World War IIGermanyCasualties
740,000 Killed/Wounded110,000 Captured
Soviet UnionCasualties
1 Million Killed40,000 Civilian dead
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Soviet forces pushed theGermans westwardStalin
Sought aWestern Front
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Dwight D. EisenhowerCommander of Alliedforces in Europe
By June 19443 Million troops wereready to cross
The English Channel
You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we
have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are uponyou. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywheremarch with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of theGerman war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over theoppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a freeworld
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world. Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, wellequipped and battle-hardened. He will fight savagely.But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazitriumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations have inflicted upon theGermans great defeats, in open battle, man-to-man. Our airoffensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and theircapacity to wage war on the ground. Our Home Fronts have givenus an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war,and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men.The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marchingtogether to Victory!I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in
battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory!Good Luck! and Let us all beseech the blessing of Almighty Godupon this great and noble undertaking.
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“Atlantic Wall” German fortifications tooppose an Allied invasion
Mined beachesBarbed wireMachine guns
Anti-tank walls
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June 6, 1944D-DayOperation Overlord
4,000 ships carried theinvasion force to FranceLanded on the beaches ofNormandy1,000,000 Soldiers
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Battle of NormandyJune 6, 1944
Allied invasion of Europe
Largest Sea invasion inhistoryBeaches
Omaha
Utah
Air invasion101 st AirborneUsed
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ParatroopersGliders
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l
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Results Allied victory Allies gained footholdin EuropeTurning Point
Western front
Casualties
Allies10,000
Axis9,000
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Lib i f P i
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Liberation of Paris August 25, 19444 years
Under Nazi rule
Ad G
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Advance on Germany “Operation Cobra” Allies moved east
Berlin
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George S Patton
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George S. Patton “Old Blood and Guts” Commanded the 3 rd
Army
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101 st Airborne division
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101 st Airborne divisionTrapped behind enemylines
General PattonPassed the front lines tosave
101 st Airborne DivisionBastogne
Could have takenBerlin
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Results
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Results Allied VictoryThe last German offensive
AlliedCasualties
90,000
GermanCasualties
85,000
Bombing of Germany
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Bombing of Dresden
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Bombing of DresdenFebruary 13-15, 1945Killed
250,000 Civilians
By Allied forces
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Dresden 1890
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April 1945
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April 1945President Franklin D.Roosevelt
Died
Suffered a CerebralHemorrhage
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Battle of Berlin
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Battle of Berlin April-May 1945Soviet invasion of thecapital of GermanyExtremely bloody
Results
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ResultsSoviet Victory
Set the stage for theCold War
Soviet war crimes100,000 German civilians
RobbedStarvedRapedMurdered
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The Death of AdolfHitler
April 30, 1945Committed suicide
CyanideShot himselfBodies
BurnedBuried
With Eva BraunMarried the day before
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Germany Surrenders
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yMay 7, 1945
V-E Day
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yMay 8, 1945
Victory in Europe
Campaign in the Pacific
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p gUnited States objectives
RegainPhilippines
JapanIsland hopping
Capturing someGoing around others
General Douglas
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gMacArthur
October 1944Returned to the Philippines
February 1945Captured Manila
United States forces
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CapturedIwo JimaOkinawa
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Kamikaze
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Japanese pilotsSuicide missions
Planes full of explosives
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Question of Invasion?
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JapanPossible results
1,000,000 American
deathsMillions of Civilian deaths
The Manhattan Project
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1942-1946Development of the first
Atomic weapons
J. Robert Oppenheimer
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Later discovered to beCommunistSupplied Soviets
With classified atomicsecrets
Soviet Union developed Atomic weapons
1949
Trinity Testl
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July 16, 1945First nuclear explosion inhistory
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The United States had2 W ki t i b b
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2 Working atomic bombs “Little Boy” “Fat Man”
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Potsdam DeclarationJuly 1945
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yTrumanChurchillStalin
Sent Japan amessage
Surrender or face
“prompt and utterdestruction” Japan refused tosurrender
Enola Gay August 6, 1945D d t i
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Dropped an atomicbomb on
Hiroshima
Destroyed the cityKilled
70,000
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August 14, 1945Japan announced its
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Japan announced itssurrender
September 2, 1945Formal surrender
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Formal surrenderTokyo BayUSS Missouri
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Costs of the War
The deadliest conflictin human history
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in human history63 Million people
Military and Civilian
15-20 MillionMilitary deaths
418,500 Americandeaths
Atrocities of War
Civilian Deaths19 Million U.S.S.R.
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19 Million U.S.S.R.9 Million China6 Million Holocaust2.5 Million Poland2 Million Germany1.3 Million Yugoslavia