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Chapter OverviewWorld War I ended with peace agreements, but the peace turned out to be uneasy and uncertain. Germany faced huge reparations payments, which it quickly discovered it could not pay. In the conflict that followed, Germany was plunged into economic crisis that required international intervention—and was only temporarily resolved. In the late 1920s, a severe economic downturn, known as the Great Depression, overwhelmed Europe and the United States. Governments struggled to mount an effective response in the face of widespread unemployment.

In Italy, a new leader arose—Benito Mussolini. With his Fascist Party, Mussolini built a totalitarian regime that sought to extend authoritarian rule over all aspects of people’s lives. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin also assumed dictatorial power. His tools included mass terror, which he used to eliminate opposition and force through his plans for transforming the economy. Spain also fell under the leadership of an authoritarian dictator when Francisco Franco prevailed in that country’s civil war. And in Germany, where the economic problems following World War I were most severe, the era’s most notorious dictator emerged. Adolf Hitler combined anti-Semitism with extreme nationalism to build a brutal totalitarian regime. In the 1930s, he ruthlessly eliminated opposition and began his campaign against the country’s Jewish population.

CHAPTER BENCHMARKS

SS.912.H.3.1 Analyze the effects of transportation, trade, communication, science, and technology on the preservation and diffusion of culture.

SS.912.W.7.3 Summarize significant effects of World War I.

SS.912.W.7.4 Describe the causes and effects of the German economic crisis of the 1920s and the global depression of the 1930s, and analyze how governments responded to the Great Depression.

SS.912.W.7.5 Describe the rise of authoritarian governments in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, and Spain, and analyze the policies and main ideas of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, and Francisco Franco.

SS.912.W.7.6 Analyze the restriction of individual rights and the use of mass terror against populations in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and occupied territories.

CHAPTER 28

The West Between the Wars, 1919–1939

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

depression collective bargaining deficit spending totalitarian state fascism collectivization authoritarian Nazi concentration camp Aryan

Treaty of Versailles Dawes Plan Great Depression New Deal Benito Mussolini Vladimir Lenin Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (USSR, or Soviet Union)

Joseph Stalin Great Purge Francisco Franco Adolf Hitler Social Darwinism the SS Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht

TERMSPEOPLE, PLACES, EVENTS

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The West Between the Wars, 1919–1939

SS.912.W.7.8 Explain the causes, events, and effects of the Holocaust (1933–1945) including its roots in the long tradition of anti-Semitism, 19th century ideas about race and nation, and Nazi dehumanization of the Jews and other victims.

LAFS.910.RH.1.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.

LAFS.910.RH.1.3 Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them.

LAFS.910.RH.2.4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including vocabulary describing political, social, or economic aspects of history/social science.

LAFS.910.RH.2.6 Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics,

including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts.

LAFS.910.WHST.1.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.

LAFS.910.WHST.3.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

CHAPTER BENCHMARKS, continued

The West Between the Wars JournalMake this Foldable®, and use it as an organizer to help you record and organize key information about the European dictators that emerged in the period between World War I and World War II.

Step 1Fold an 11 by 17 pieceof paper in thirds.

Step 2Open the paper and use scissors to createtwo tabs on each of the ends of the paper.Label as shown.

BenitoMussolini

FranciscoFranco

Joseph

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LESSON 1 SUMMARY

Instability After World War I

ANALYZING INFORMATION

You have read about President Wilson’s worries about how the terms of the Treaty of Versailles contained seeds of possible future conflict. What information do you see to support this concern?

DETERMINING CAUSE AND EFFECT

During the Great Depression, millions were thrown out of work. How do you think the massive unemployment created problems for the rest of the economy?

SS.912.W.7.3, SS.912.W.7.4

Uneasy Peace, Uncertain SecurityThe peace settlement that concluded World War I satisfied few people. In fact, U.S. president Woodrow Wilson saw in it the seeds of future conflict. He hoped that his proposed League of Nations would help keep the peace. The U.S. Senate, however, feared being dragged into European affairs. It refused to ratify, or approve, the treaty or to join the League of Nations. This severely weakened the fledgling organization.

The Treaty of Versailles also required Germany to make huge payments—reparations—for damage it caused during the war. The country soon found it was unable to make the payments. An angry France sent troops to occupy Germany’s industrial Ruhr Valley. The French plan was to collect its reparations by operating the Ruhr’s mines and factories.

Inflation in Germany Germany refused to cooperate with the French occupation. Its workers went on strike. The German government began printing huge amounts of paper money to pay workers. The money quickly became worthless, causing a crisis.

An international commission adopted a plan to solve this problem in 1924. Under the Dawes Plan, Germany’s payments were reduced. Germany also got loans to boost its recovery. Significant American investment followed.

The Treaty of LocarnoSoon diplomats were working on other difficult postwar issues. The 1925 Treaty of Locarno guaranteed Germany’s new western borders. The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 joined 65 nations in a pledge to renounce war.

The Great DepressionThis short period of promise ended with the onset of a depression—a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. This depression was so severe it came to be called the Great Depression.

Trouble began in the last half of the 1920s with a series of economic downturns in a number of nations. Prices for farm products and coal fell, hurting people in those industries.

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Another factor was an international financial crisis triggered by events in the U.S. stock market. During much of the 1920s, this market had boomed. By 1928, the boom was hurting Germany as investors who had been lending money to Germany decided instead to buy soaring U.S. stocks. Then in 1929, the market collapsed. Stock prices plummeted. Panicked investors withdrew even more money from Germany and other European markets. Trade and industry slowed, and unemployment rose.

Responses to the Depression By 1932, massive unemployment plagued many nations. The severity of the Great Depression made governments unsure of how to react. For example, they raised tariffs—taxes on imported goods—hoping to encourage their citizens to buy goods made in their own countries. The effect was less trade and a worsening depression.

Germany The Great Depression also made many people willing to follow political leaders who seemed to offer simple solutions—if the people offered them dictatorial power. In Germany, for instance, fear over the severe unemployment led to the rise of extremist parties.

FranceThe Great Depression did not strike France with full force until 1932. Then over a 19-month period, political chaos reigned as government after government fell. Finally, in June 1936, a coalition of Communist, Socialist, and Radical parties formed a Popular Front government. The Popular Front put through a program that gave workers the right to collective bargaining, a 40-hour workweek, and a minimum wage.

Great BritainThe British approach to the Great Depression was to turn to traditional policies: The government balanced its budget and used protective tariffs.

Low Points of the Great Depression

Germany Unemployment peaks at about 30 percent

Great Britain Unemployment peaks at nearly 25 percent

United States • Unemployment peaked at about 25 percent

• Industrial production fell by 50 percent

The Great Depression caused devastation in several countries.

LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

How did the approach to the Great Depression by government in Great Britain contrast with the approach in the United States?

MAKING INFERENCES

Do you think the French governments response to the Great Depression was closer to the British approach or the approach of the United States? Explain your answer.

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LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

The United States After Germany, the United States suffered more from the Great Depression than other nations. The government response was also extensive. Many of these responses reflected the views of a British economist largely ignored in his home country—John Maynard Keynes. Keynes argued that government could combat unemployment by spending money. If necessary, Keynes argued, government should employ deficit spending, going into debt to relieve the crisis.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt put forth a program called the New Deal. It featured government funded programs for putting millions of people back to work. Roosevelt’s administration also put in place the first pieces of the United States social welfare system. The Social Security Act of 1935 created a system of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance and payments to certain groups, such as those with disabilities.

The New Deal was popular. By 1938, however, it had done little to end unemployment.

REVIEW LESSON 1

1. Use the diagram below to record the effects of the main events of the post-World War I era in Germany.

EVENT EFFECT

Treaty of Versailles

France occupies Ruhr Valley

U.S. stock market booms

U.S. stock market crashes

2. IDENTIFYING POINTS OF VIEW Consider the information you have recorded in your chart and learned from other sources. Then write an essay about why you think some people in Germany may have been willing to turn to extremist political parties in the period following World War I.

In the United States, millions of people were unemployed and forced from their homes.

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The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

MAKING CONNECTIONS

Why do you think Benito Mussolini and his appeal for a militarily powerful Italy were able to win such wide support in Italy in the aftermath of World War I?

SS.912.W.7.3, SS.912.W.7.5, SS.912.W.7.6

The Rise of DictatorsIn the years following World War I, one European nation after another turned to dictatorial leaders. By 1939, France and Great Britain were the only major European states with democratic systems of government.

Many of the new dictators led totalitarian states. In these systems, government controlled all aspects of life—political, economic, social, and cultural. Totalitarian leaders demanded not just obedience, but total submission of the people’s hearts and minds.

Fascism in ItalyItaly’s Benito Mussolini established Europe’s first fascist system in the 1920s. The terms fascist and fascism comes from the name of the political group he founded. Fascism stressed the glory of the state over the needs of the individual. A strong Fascist government under dictatorial rule crushed all opposition.

Mussolini rose to power shortly after World War I. His nationalistic message played on Italian anger over peace terms that awarded Italy little land. In 1922, Mussolini had enough popular support to demand the king name him prime minister. Once in power, he outlawed other political parties and ruled by decree as Il Duce—“The Leader.”

The Fascist StateMussolini sought total control over the population. The mass media spread Fascist propaganda. A feared secret police force kept an eye on all activity. People—especially young people—were enrolled in groups that promoted Fascist ideals and military values. The goal was a single-minded Fascist community.

Although Mussolini hoped to build a new and powerful Italy, he also honored the role of certain traditional institutions in people’s lives. These included the traditional family and the Catholic Church.

Benito Mussolini sought to build an Italy of single-minded, war-loving people.

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From Russia to the USSRIn early 1921, Vladimir Lenin faced a serious crisis. Peasants had begun to sabotage his Communist program by hoarding food. A famine that would ultimately claim as many as 5 million lives was underway. Industrial output was at 20 percent of 1913 levels. Russia was exhausted.

Lenin’s New Economic PolicyLenin’s response was to change course from the war communism he had been pursuing. His New Economic Policy (NEP) was actually a version of capitalism. Heavy industry, banking, and mines remained in government hands. Individuals and small businesses, however, were free to buy and sell without government control.

The Soviet UnionIn 1922, Lenin and the Communists formed a new state—the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the USSR. Meanwhile, the NEP helped the country recover economically. Lenin had intended for the NEP to be a temporary step, but before he could return the Soviet Union to the pursuit of communist goals, he died in 1924.

Stalin and His Five-Year PlansFollowing Lenin’s death, the Communist Party in the Soviet Union split over goals and leadership. Emerging from this struggle in 1927 was Joseph Stalin. Stalin quickly established a powerful dictatorship, eliminating opposition and silencing the press.

In 1928, Stalin also ended the NEP. In its place, he launched his first Five-Year Plan. The goal was to transform the Soviet Union from an agricultural to an industrial country. This plan, and the five-year plan that followed it, succeeded in dramatically boosting the Soviet Union’s industrial output.

LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continuedCREATING VISUALS

Complete this graphic organizer to show the sequence of events that led to Stalin emerging as the dictatorial power in the Soviet Union.

Russia faces serious

difficulties in early 1920s.

Stalin wins power struggle.

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Costs of Stalin’s ProgramsThe Soviet Union paid a huge cost for this progress. Many workers lived in miserable housing, and wages dropped sharply.

In agricultural areas, rapid collectivization took place: Private farms were eliminated, and all land came under government control. Peasants served as the workforce on the collective farms. Peasants resisted by hoarding food and killing livestock. This led to a devastating famine that killed 10 million. Many deaths were in the Ukraine, where some scholars believe Stalin may have caused the crisis to weaken a Ukrainian drive for independence.

Stalin was, in fact, utterly ruthless in pursuit of his goals. To strengthen his control over the party, he carried out what was called the Great Purge. Eight million army officers, diplomats, union officials, intellectuals, and ordinary citizens were shipped to labor camps from which they never returned. Others were simply executed.

Authoritarian States in the WestA number of authoritarian governments in the Western

world emerged in the 1920s and 1930s. Often, the goal of these authoritarian regimes was not so much totalitarian control as preservation of the old order.

Spain Civil war flared in Spain when Spanish military forces under General Francisco Franco revolted against the democratic government in 1936. In the brutal campaign that followed, foreign intervention played a large role. Fascist regimes in Italy and Germany supported Franco’s forces, with a newly built German air force using the conflict as a testing ground for its new weaponry. The Spanish republican side was aided by 40,000 foreign volunteers. The Soviet Union supplied much military hardware and advice.

Franco’s forces captured Madrid and won the civil war in 1939. Franco headed a dictatorship in Spain that lasted until 1975. Franco did not seek totalitarian control of his country. Yet he did exercise harsh rule, using special police to put down any opposition.

DETERMINING CENTRAL IDEAS

In the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, millions upon millions of people lost their lives for mere suspicion of opposing Stalin’s rule. What effect do you think this reality had on opposition to Stalin’s policies in the Soviet Union?

LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued

Joseph Stalin was willing to send millions of people to their deaths to maintain his hold on power in the Soviet Union.

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LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued

REVIEW LESSON 2

1. Complete the table below about the rise of authoritarian leaders in Europe in the period following World War I.

RISE OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE IN EUROPE

Leader(s) Key Features

Italy

Russia/Soviet Union

Spain

2. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING Using the information from your table and from other sources, compare and contrast the three major dictatorial regimes discussed in this lesson. What common feature did they all share? In what ways did they differ?

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Hitler and Nazi Germany

MAKING CONNECTIONS

How do you think the events of World War I and its aftermath in Germany helped make Hitler’s appeal to nationalism attractive to many Germans?

SS.912.H.3.1, SS.912.W.7.4, SS.912.W.7.5, SS.912.W.7.6, SS.912.W.7.8

Hitler and NazismAdolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria. His unremarkable early life included failure in school and in his chosen field of art. During this time, Hitler developed his basic political views. At the core was a concept that had existed for centuries in Europe—anti-Semitism, or hostility toward Jews. To this, Hitler added extreme German nationalism. After serving in the German army during World War I, Hitler entered German politics. The country was facing economic crisis and widespread public fear and anger. In this atmosphere, Hitler joined and soon took control of an extreme nationalist political party that came to be known as the Nazi Party. After building party membership, Hitler staged a failed uprising against the German government in late 1923. While in prison, he wrote Mein Kampf, or “my struggle.” The book outlined Hitler’s deep anti-Semitism and his belief in nationalistic Social Darwinism that justified expansion of a “superior” German nation and people.

Rise of NazismHitler left prison committed to gaining power by legal means. He began again to build the Nazi Party. By 1932, it was the largest party in the Reichstag, or German parliament. Hitler’s nationalistic and militaristic message appealed at a time when German unemployment was skyrocketing.

The Nazis Take ControlIn an atmosphere of crisis, Hitler used his growing popularity to persuade Germany’s president to appoint him chancellor, or leader of the Reichstag. Before 1933, this post held limited power. Hitler changed that. He got the Reichstag to give him temporary but far-reaching power to tackle the country’s problems. In effect, the Reichstag made Hitler a dictator. Hitler quickly took advantage of his power. The Nazis purged government of democratic elements—and of Jews. The Nazis banned all other parties and set up concentration camps for political opponents. In 1934, when the German president died, that office was abolished. Hitler was now Germany’s sole leader—the Führer.

Having once gained power in Germany, Hitler stood as the unquestioned leader—the Führer.

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The Nazi State, 1933–1939Hitler set out to build a totalitarian state. He saw the German people as the leading descendants of what he called the Aryans. This term properly refers to speakers of a certain group of languages, but the Nazis incorrectly used it to designate a “master race.” For the Nazis, the Germans were a racially superior people meant to rule Europe and the world.

Hitler called on Germans to unite behind this goal. Individual needs and desires, Hitler insisted, no longer existed. Every human activity was to be placed under party control. To build enthusiasm and excitement for the cause, the Nazi’s used mass demonstrations and spectacles.

The State and Terror The Nazis also used terror to maintain control. An organization called the SS used secret and regular police forces, concentration camps, and eventually execution squads and death camps to repress and murder opposition.

EconomicsHitler put many Germans back to work on public works projects. A massive rearmament program also helped end unemployment and the depression in Germany. The Nazis took credit for economic improvement, helping to bolster public support.

Women and Nazism As bearers of children of the master race, German women were crucial to the Nazi regime. They were discouraged from work that might harm their chances of bearing healthy children. Their main purpose was to become wives and mothers.

Anti-Semitic PoliciesThe Nazis reflected Hitler’s deep anti-Semitism. Nazi attacks on Germany’s Jewish population began as soon as Hitler took power. The 1935 Nuremberg laws stripped Jews of German citizenship and established the legal basis for anti-Semitic discrimination and violence. In time, German Jews were forced to wear yellow Stars of David and to carry cards identifying themselves as Jewish. Worse was to come.

LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued

COMPARING

Adolf Hitler is often compared to Benito Mussolini. How were the styles and images of these two men similar?

IDENTIFYING EVIDENCE

Hitler’s Nazi Party is regarded as a Fascist movement. Find evidence to support this idea in the text. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, explain why it is correct to refer to Nazism as a Fascist movement.

Early Nazi Anti-Semitic Policies and Laws

1933

• Hitler calls for boycott of Jewish businesses • Jews denied right to hold public office, jobs in civil service, the

press and radio, and farming• Naturalized Jewish immigrants lose citizenship

1934 Jews barred from stock exchanges and brokerages

1935

• Law defines as Jewish anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent

• All Jews stripped of German citizenship• Marriage between Jews and other Germans barred• Jews forbidden from employing German women under age 45

Nazi anti-Semitic policies began as soon as Hitler took power.

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REVIEW LESSON 3

1. Use the chart below to record information about Hitler and the Nazi Party’s rise and rule in Germany prior to 1939.

THE RISE AND RULE OF ADOLF HITLER AND THE NAZI PARTY (TO 1939)

Rise Rule

2. SYNTHESIZING Using the information you have gathered in your chart and from other sources, write an essay on the following question: How did Hitler’s notions of race play a part in his rise to power and to his leadership of Germany?

Nazis also promoted violence toward Jews. On the night of November 9, 1938, Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed some 7,000 Jewish businesses throughout Germany and German-held areas in Austria and Czechoslovakia. Because of all the windows smashed during the attacks, this was called Kristallnacht, or “the night of broken glass.” In addition, German police arrested thirty thousand young Jewish males and sent them to concentration camps. Jews were barred from public transportation and buildings and banned from owning, managing, or working in retail stores. Finally, under direction of the SS, Jews were encouraged to emigrate from Germany. As it turned out, those Jews who managed to escape the country were the fortunate ones.

Culture and LeisureThe Nazis made full use of mass communications. By urging cheap production of radios, they encouraged people to listen. Nazi leader Joseph Goebbels created a special film division to spread propaganda through the medium of movies.

Leisure activities were also employed as a way to control people. The Nazis used concerts, operas, and sporting events to amuse the people, while at the same time conveying ideas of German strength and greatness.

DIFFERENTIATING

What were the two main tactics used by the Nazis to control the hearts and minds of the German people?