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Chapter 29
PROTEST AND STAGNATION:
THE WESTERN WORLD, 1965–1985
A Culture of Protest
A Revolt in Sexual Mores
Youth Protest and Student Revolt
The Feminist Movement
Antiwar Protests
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The New Europe
Stagnation in the Soviet UnionLeonid Brezhnev (1906-1982)Brezhnev Doctrine – right to intervene if socialism threatenedAccess to Western styles of dress, music, and artEmphasis on heavy industry
Overall, industrial growth declined
Impact of central economic planningAgricultural problems
Bad harvests in mid-1970s
Unwilling to tamper with the party leadership and state bureaucracySerious internal problems
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Chechnya
Conformity in Eastern EuropePoland
Edward Gierek, 1971, • Economic problems
SolidarityLech Walesa (b. 1943)
HungaryJano Kadar in power for more than 30 yearsMoves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises
CzechoslovakiaCommunist government collapsed in 1989Vaclav Havel was in control of the governmentAlexander DubcekGustav Husa´k
The Berlin Wall 1961 -1989
Repression in East Germany and Romania
East GermanyWalter Ulbricht
Erich Honecker• Stasi
RomaniaNicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena
Ruled Romania with an iron grip• Securitate
Western Europe: The Winds of Change
Economic recessions, mid-1970’s and early 1980’sIncrease in the price of oilIntegration of economies –European Economic CommunityTreaty on European Union European Community became the European Union, 1994Euro, 2001
Germany Restored
Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east”
Treaty with East Germany, 1972
Helmut Schmide (b. 1918)Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions
Helmut Kohl (b. 1930)Problems of union
Great Britain: Thatcher then BlairThatcherism
Problems of Northern IrelandDirect rule from London, 1972
Conservatives gain political power, 1979Political changes of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925)
Broke power of the labor unionsAusterity to control inflationHard line toward communismRebuilds the military
• Falkland Islands
Uncertainties in France and Italy
François Mitterrand (1916-1995) , 1981-1995Economic difficulties
Socialistic policies
Economic weaknesses of the 1990s
Confusion in ItalyGiulio Andreotti
Eurocommunism
1970s, Italy had severe economic recession
Aldo Moro• Red Brigade
The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility
Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968Ends Vietnam war, 1973Watergate scandalResignation, August 9, 1974
Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980Stagflation – high inflation and unemploymentOil embargo, 197353 hostages held by Iran
Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989Reverses the welfare stateMilitary buildupSupply-side economics
War in KosovoWar erupted in 1999Ethnic AlbaniansStripped of autonomous status in 1989Kosovo Liberation ArmyUS and NATO interveneMilosevic refused to sign agreement and NATO resumes air strikesMilosovic ousted from office in fall elections, 2000
Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war crimes against humanity
The Disintegration of YugoslaviaDeath of Tito in 1980League of Communists In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a federal structureSlbodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minoritiesSlovenia and Croatia declare independence
Yugoslavian army sent to attach CroatiaArmy becoming more and more a Serbian Army
1992 Serbs turn on Bosnia-HerzegovinaEthnic cleansingNATO strikes back
Contemporary Canada
Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000), elected in 1968
Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984
QuebecRené Lévesque
Parti Québécois
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Quebec
The Vietnam WarPresident Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965Domino theory
If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations inn Asia would fall to communism
President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) vows to bring an honorable endBegins withdrawing troopsPeace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops
The Vietnam War
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China and the Cold War
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)Victory in 1948Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976
• Red Guards
Nixon visited China and met with Mao Zedong in 1972
Towards a New World Order
DétenteAntiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972
Helsinki Agreements, 1975
Human rights becomes an issue with President Carter
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979
President Ronald Reagan’s “evil empire”
Science and Technology
The New World of Science and TechnologyMilitary-Industrial Complex
• German rockets; jets• British work in computers• J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
Computers
Dangers of ScienceE.F. Schumacher (1911-1977), Small is Beautiful
The Environment and the Green Movements
Problems in the environment
Chernobyl, 1986
Green parties
Postmodern Thought
Postmodernism
StructuralismFerdinand de Saussure
• The signifier and the signified
Jacques Derrida• Poststructuralism, or deconstruction
Michel Foucault• The History of Sexuality
Trends in Art, Literature and MusicPostmodern
Allen Kaprow• land art
Robert VenturiCharles Moore
• Piazzad’Italia
Postmodernism in literatureGabriel Garcı´a Ma´ rquezMilan Kundera
MusicOlivier MessiaenPhilip Glass
Popular Culture: Image and Globalization
Popular music• Experimentation in rock and roll
• Video music MTV
• Rap
Growth of Mass SportsOlympic Games
• Black September
Mandatory drug testing
Americanized Global CultureMarshall McLuhan
Problems are global not just national
Discussion QuestionsExamine the policies of Brezhnev. Are they old guard communist or a transition between the old Soviet regime and the more modern Soviet state to come?How did Margaret Thatcher shape the position of Great Britain in power structure of world politicsWhat is détente? How did the policies of Nixon influence relations between the West and the communist world? What influence does business and politics play in the Olympic Games?
Web links
Solidarity in Poland Vietnam War
Détente
Chernobyl
Helmut Kohl
Margaret Thatcher
Ronald Reagan
Nongovernmental organizations