PALESTINE UNIVERSITY MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGYSecond semesterDr. Ali I. Tayeh

PALESTINE UNIVERSITY MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY Chapter No. 2STONES AND ROCKS

All The engineering Structures are made from some materialsThese materials are know as engineering materials; building materials or materials of Construction .

No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its own field ofapplication Stone

StoneAn engineer has to be conversant with the properties of most of them .stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement, and metals are some commonly used materials by a civil engineer .

In order to carry out safe constructions , some standards for the materials to be used are fixed

stone : Rock is the term used to name a solid portion of the earth's crust . It has no definite shape and chemical composition . It is generally very big in site .The rocks have one or more than one materials .Rock and stone

stone : Rock and stone

stone : Stone : The stone is always obtained from rock, The rock quarried from quarries is called stone .Quarried stone may be in form of stone blocks, Stone aggregate , stone slabs, stone lintels , Stone flags ,etc . Rock and stone

stone : Rock and stone

Classification of rocks Geological classification 2. Physical classification3. Chemical classification4. Classification based on stone hardness:Stone

Classification of rocksAccording to this classification stone may be classified As soft, medium, hard and very hard.-Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and Taconite.-Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel and Quartzite.- Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime Stone.- Soft rocks as Talc, Gypsum and Sand stone.Stone

StoneUses of stone following are the various uses , of stonesFor masonry work for lintels and vertical columns for covering floors of building for paving of roads and foot paths As a covering material for buildings.

StoneUses of stone following are the various uses , of stonesfor the construction of roads in form of boulders and aggregate as an aggregate in cement as well as lime concretes Base material for water and sewage filters.For the manufacture of cement and lime.In the construction of masonry dams , stones of good quality and durability are of vital importance.

Stone

StoneNatural bed of stoneThe plane along which stones can be easily split is known as natural bed of stone In stone masonry work , the stone should be used in such away that the direction of applied load is perpendicular to the natural bed of the stone .Walls

BCornice Arch

-In the case of the walls the position of the stone blocks should be same in which they were originally deposited .This position gives maximum strength to the stone work in the walls .-In the case of arches , the bedding plane should be radial and at right angles to the face of the arch .-In the case of cornices the bed should be vertical .Stone

Seasoning of stones :-In makes the stone hard and compact , by exposing the stone to open air for a period of six to twelve mouths .All the stones should be seasoned before they are used in structural work .Stone

StoneCharacteristics and qualities of good building stone :The stone should be easily and economically obtainable in bulk .The stone should be hard, strong and durable .It should weather well.It should have fine compact texture .

StoneCharacteristics and qualities of good building stone :It should be capable to withstand the effects of smoke and acidic atmosphere.The stone should be free from soft patches, flaws, cavities and cracks .It should be well seasoned and easily workable .

StoneTests for stones:Building stones are required to be tested for their different properties before they may be recommended for any specific case.1-Acid test:2- Water absorption test .3- Impact test .4- Crushing test .5- Hardness test .

StoneAcid test:This test is carried out on sand stone .In this test , a sample of stone about 100gm is taken and put in a solution having 1% strength of hydrochloric acid for seven days . After this the specimen is taken out and its surface examined .

StoneNatural (Rock) stone

StoneNatural (Rock) stoneStone classification:According to its contents According to place which refer toAccording to its texture Natural stone properties (advantages) Natural stone properties (Disadvantages)Stoning Manufacturing Stone construction:Stone finishing

Stone

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