Chapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 3 Tour: Anatomy and Physiology Basic Body Systems Pages...

Chapter 3

Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 3 Tour: Anatomy and Physiology

Basic Body Systems Pages 69-88

Identify the structure, function and primary cosmetological significance, where appropriate, of 8 major body systems

2

Building Blocks of the Human Body Pages 65-68

Explain the relationship and function of cells, tissues and primary organs within the human body

1


Chapter 3.1Anatomy and Physiology

Building Blocks of the Human Body

Cells Tissues OrgansBody

Systems

Building Blocksof the Human Body

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How many bones compose the physical foundation of the human body?




206 bones of different shapes and sizes compose the adult skeleton;

but did you know that as a newborn, your skeleton was composed of 300 bones?

For example, a newborn’s skull has eight separate bone segments, while an adult’s skull is composed of only four. As an adult, bones have joined together leaving you with only 206 bones.



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Anatomystudy of organs and systems of the body

Gross Microscopic

studies structures too small to see without aid of a microscope, also called histology

can be seen with the naked eye





Lungs

Lungs

Lungs

Physiology study of the functions

the organs and systems perform



Cells

Composed of gel-like substance called protoplasm containing:

• water• salt• nutrients obtained from food



Cellsthe basic units of living matter (life)

Cells

A cell contains 3 basic parts:

Cell Membraneouter surface of cell enclosing protoplasm



Nucleus control center of cell activities

Cytoplasmproduction department of cell where cell’s activities take place

Metabolism chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction

Anabolism CatabolismBreaking down larger molecules into smaller ones

Building up larger molecules from smaller ones

Cells



CellsBeyond the

Book

The longest cells in the human body are the motor neurons. They can be up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) long and run from the lower spinal cord to the big toe.

www.hightechscience.org

http://www.hightechscience.org/

1. Epithelial – covers and protects body surface and internal organs

2. Connective – supports, protects and holds body together

3. Nerve – coordinates body functions; carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord

4. Muscular – contracts to produce motion

5. Liquid – carries food, waste products and hormones

TissuesGroups of cells of the same kind



TissuesBeyond the

Book

Very loud sounds can rip ear, lung and other vibrating tissues.

A sound wave is a pressure wave; that's why you can sometimes feel your body vibrate during loud, low sounds.

When body tissues resonate with the sound's frequency, the pressure increases.

• Separate body structures that perform specific functions

• Composed of 2 or more different tissues• Skin is the body’s largest organ

Organs

More about

organs on

next slide!



Brain Controls all body functions

Eyes Control vision

Heart Circulates the blood

Lungs Supply the blood with oxygen

Stomach and Intestines Digest food

Liver Removes toxic byproducts of digestion

Kidneys Eliminate water and waste products

Skin Forms external protective layer of body

Organs



OrgansBeyond the

Book

The kidneys clean over 1 million gallons of blood in

a lifetime.

Body SystemsA system is a group of body structures and/or organs that perform functions for the body.

Skeletal - provides framework of bodyMuscular - moves bodyCirculatory - circulates blood through bodyNervous - sends and receives body messagesDigestive - supplies food to bodyExcretory - eliminates waste from bodyRespiratory - controls breathing of bodyEndocrine - controls growth, general health and

reproduction of bodyChapter 3.1

Anatomy and PhysiologyBuilding Blocks of the Human Body

Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up

Body Systems

Cells make

up tissues

tissues make up organs,

and organs make up

systems!!

systems!!

Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems!!



Body SystemsBeyond the

Book

From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to

shrink in size.

Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check

1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.

2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.

3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ______.

4. Another name for histology is ______ ______.

5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called ______.

On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-9, answer the following questions.




6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called ______ ______.

7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called ______.

8. Cells make up ______, which make up organs. Organs make up _______.

9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a ______.



Know ChartAs you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column.

KNOW CHART

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.8.9.

I Know:



I Need to Study:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.8.9.


1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.

2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs.

3. The study of organs and systems of the body is called ________.

4. Another name for histology is ___________ ________.

5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the body is called __________.

Now check your work. Observe each of the false statements become true.

Cells are the basic units of living matter.

anatomy

microscopic anatomy

physiologyChapter 3.1



6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye is called _____ ________.

7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance called __________.

8. Cells make up _______, which make up organs. Organs make up _______.

9. A group of body structures that, together, perform one or more vital functions of the body is known as a _______.

gross anatomy

protoplasm

tissuessystems

systemChapter 3.1


Lessons Learned

Cells are the basic units of living matter

Metabolism is the chemical process in which cells receive nutrients

Tissues are groups of the same kind of cells

Face the

FactsCells

Tissues



Organs

Lessons Learned

Organs are separate body structures that perform specificfunctions and are composed of two or more different tissues

A system is a group of body structures and/or organs that, together, perform one or more vital functions for the body

Face the

Facts

Body Systems



IT’S 2 U!

Example:

Body Systems…

Organs…

Example:

Cells…

Tissues…

Example:

Building Blocks of the

Human Body

When a spider weaves its web, every strand is connected somehow to a central starting point. Create a web connecting the central idea to the

various related descriptions for Building Blocks of the Human Body.

Press any key and a spider will start a web. Complete the descriptions and give an example

to finish the web.



IT’S 2 U!

Brain, eyes, heart, lungs, stomach and intestines,

liver, kidneys, skin

Body Systems group of body structures that

perform one or more vital functions for the body

Organsseparate body

structures that perform specific functions

Skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine

Cells basic units of living matter

Tissues groups of cells of the same kind

Epithelial tissueconnective tissue

nerve tissuemuscular tissue

liquid tissue

Building Blocks of the

Human Body

Answers will vary, but here is an example of what the web could look like.

Answers




Basic Body Systems2

Respiratory EndocrineExcretory

Digestive

Circulatory

Nervous

Muscular

Skeletal


Basic Body Systems

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5. Located above and in front of the ear and performs both opening and closing of the jaw and mastication7. Colorless liquid that travels through the lymph nodes or glands8. Study of muscles

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• Physical foundation of the body• Composed of 206 bones of different

shapes and sizes• Bones are attached to each other

at movable or immovable joints• A joint is the point at which

two or more bones are joined together

The Skeletal System


Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System

• Bone

• Hardest structure in body


Basic Body Systems

Long bones (arms and legs)

Flat bones (skull)

Irregular bones (wrist, ankle, spinal column)

Osteologystudy of bones

Composed of 2/3 mineral and 1/3 organic matter

The Skeletal System

Functions of the Skeletal System


Basic Body Systems

Movement

Attachment

Protection

Support

The Skeletal System

• Skeleton of the head• Encloses and protects brain and primary

sensory organs• Divided into 2 groups

– Cranium composed of 8 bones– Facial skeleton composed of 14 bones

• 6 of the 8 cranium bones are affected by scalp massage

The Skull


Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System

FrontalParietal

Occipital

Temporal

The Cranium


Basic Body Systems

The Skeletal System

Mandible lower jaw

Maxillae upper jaw

Nasal bridge of the nose

Facial Skeleton


Basic Body Systems

Zygomaticupper cheek

Zygomaticupper cheek

Lacrimal inner eyesocket

Lacrimal inner eyesocket

The Skeletal SystemNeck Bones


Basic Body Systems

Cervical vertebrae 7 bones manipulated in

extended scalp massageHyoid“Adam’s apple”

The Skeletal SystemBack, Chest and Shoulder


Basic Body Systems

Thoracic Vertebrae spine

12 Ribs

Scapulashoulder bone

Claviclecollar bone

Sternumchest bone

The Skeletal SystemArm, Wrist and Hand Bones

Ulna

Radius

Humerus


Basic Body Systems

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

largest bone of upper arm

8 small bones held together by ligaments to form wrist or carpus

5 long, thin bones that form the palm

of the hand

each finger has 3 phalanges; each thumb has 2

Skeleton SystemBeyond the

Book

http://www.hightechscience.org

The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes or stirrup bone located in the middle ear.

It is approximately .11 inches (.28 cm) long.


Myologystudy of structure, function, and

diseases of muscles

The Muscular System


Basic Body Systems

• Body is composed of over 500 large and small muscles

• Muscles compose about 40% of the body’s weight

The Muscular System

Functions of the Muscular System•Support of the skeleton•Production of body movements•Contouring of body•Involvement in functions of other body systems


Basic Body Systems

2 types of muscle tissues:

Striated Non-striated

The Muscular System


Basic Body Systems

Some muscles function both ways (eye muscles).

1.Voluntary or Striated – respond to commands regulated by will

2.Involuntary or non-striated – respond automatically to control various body functions

The cosmetologist is primarily concerned with the voluntary

muscles of the head, face, neck, arms and hands

The Muscular System


Basic Body Systems

Cardiac (heart) muscle• Muscle of the heart itself • Only muscle of its type in the human body• Rugged muscle, functions involuntarily

The Muscular System


Basic Body Systems

Cardiac

• Anterior – in front of• Posterior – behind or in back of• Superioris – located above or is larger• Inferiouris – located below or is smaller• Levator – lifts up• Depressor – draws down or depresses• Dilator – opens, enlarges or expands

The Muscular System


Basic Body Systems

Terms used to identify location or function

The Muscular System

Originnon-moving fixed portion,

attached to bones or to other fixed muscle

Bellymidsection of muscle,

between 2 attached sections

Insertionportion of muscle joined to

movable attachments: bones, movable muscles or skin


Basic Body Systems

3 Parts of the Muscle

The Muscular SystemMuscles produce movement through contraction (tightening) and expansion (relaxing)

7 ways to stimulate muscular tissue include:1. Massage

2. Electric Current (high-frequency and faradic current)

3. Light Rays (infrared rays and ultraviolet rays)

4. Heat Rays (heating lamps and heating caps)

5. Moist Heat (steamers, warm steam towels)

6. Nerve Impulses (through nervous system)

7. Chemicals (certain acids and salts)Chapter 3.2

Anatomy and PhysiologyBasic Body Systems

• Scalp and face muscles are of primary interest to the cosmetologist as massage is performed

• Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the insertion attachment to the

origin attachment

The Muscular System

Scalp and Face Muscles


Basic Body Systems

• Epicranius (occipito-frontalis)–Covers the epicranium (scalp)–Formed by 2 muscles joined by

aponeurosis tendon

The Muscular SystemScalp Muscles


Basic Body Systems

The Muscular SystemScalp Muscles


Basic Body Systems

Occipitalis draws scalp back

Frontalisraises eyebrows;

draws scalp forward

The Muscular SystemEar Muscles


Basic Body Systems

Auricularis anterior

in front of the ear

Auricularis superiorabove the ear

Auricularis posteriorbehind the ear

The Muscular SystemEye and Nose Muscles


Basic Body Systems

Orbicularis Oculicloses the eyelid

Corrugatordraws eyebrows in

and down

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

raises eyelid

Procerusdraws brow down

• Oris Orbicularis– Circles the mouth – Responsible for contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips as

in kissing or whistling

• Quadratus Labii Superioris– Consists of 3 parts– Located above the upper lip– Raises nostrils and upper lip, as

in expressing distaste

• Quadratus Labii Inferioris– Located below lower lip– Pulls lower lip down or to the side as in expressing sarcasm

The Muscular SystemMouth Muscles


Basic Body Systems

• Mentalis– Located at tip of chin– Pushes lower lip up and/or wrinkles chin as in

expressing doubt

• Risorius– Located at corner of mouth– Draws mouth up and out as in grinning

• Caninus– Located above corners of mouth– Raises angle of mouth as in snarling



Basic Body Systems

• Triangularis– Located below the corners of mouth– Draws corners of mouth down as in expressing depression

• Zygomaticus– Located outside the corners of mouth– Draws mouth up and back as in laughing – Consists of zygomaticus major and minor

• Buccinator– Located between jaws and cheek– Responsible for compressing cheek to

release air outwardly as in blowing



Basic Body Systems

1. Oris Orbicularis

2. Quadratus Labii Superioris

3. Quadratus labii inferioris

4. Mentalis

5. Risorius

6. Canius

7. Triangularis

8. Zygomaticus

9. Buccinator



Basic Body Systems

The Muscular SystemMastication Muscles


Basic Body Systems

Temporalisperforms both opening and closing jaws as in chewing (mastication)

Masseteraids in closing jaw as in

chewing (mastication)

The Muscular SystemNeck and Upper Back Muscles


Basic Body Systems

Platysmadepresses lower jaw

and lip as in expressing sadness

SternocleidoMastoideus

causes the head to move from side to side and up and down as in

nodding “yes” or “no”

Trapezius andLatissimus Dorsidraw head back, rotate shoulder blades and control swinging of arm

The Muscular SystemShoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles


Basic Body Systems

Serratus anteriorhelps in lifting arm

and in breathing

Deltoidlifts or turns

the arm Pectoralis Major andPectoralis Minor

assist in swinging the arms

The Muscular SystemShoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles


Basic Body Systems

Bicepraises forearm, bends elbow

and turns palm down

Tricepcontrols forward

movement of forearm

Pronatorturns palm downward

and inward

Supinatorturns palm up

The Muscular System


Basic Body Systems

Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles

Flexorbends wrist andcloses fingers

Extensorstraightens fingers

and wrist

• Stretch over fingers• Connect joints• Provide dexterity

Abductor Muscles – Separate fingersAdductor Muscles – Draw fingers togetherOpponens Muscles – Located in palm; cause the thumb to move toward fingers; give ability to grasp or make a fist

The Muscular System Hand Muscles


Basic Body Systems

The Muscular System

3. Opponensgive the ability to

grasp or make a fist

Hand Muscles


Basic Body Systems

1. Abductorseparates fingers

2. Adductordraws fingers together

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Muscular SystemBeyond the

Book

The human jaw muscles can generate a force of 200 pounds(90.8 kilograms) on the molars.

http://www.hightechscience.org


• Circulatory or Vascular System – controls circulation of blood and lymph through body

• Massage treatments stimulate or relax circulatory system

The Circulatory System


Basic Body Systems

• Cardiovascular or Blood-Vascular– Responsible for circulation of blood, includes heart,

arteries, veins and capillaries

• Lymph-Vascular– Reaches parts of body not reached by blood– Circulates lymph through lymph glands, nodes

and vessels– Lymph filters blood by removing toxins



Basic Body Systems

• Cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the chest, normally the size of a fist

• Contracts and relaxes to move blood• Consists of 4 chambers:

– Upper – right and left atrium– Lower – right and left ventricle

• 60-80 beats per minute (normal heart)• Pericardium – membrane that encases the heart



Basic Body Systems

The Heart

The Circulatory SystemThe Heart


Basic Body Systems

Right Atrium Auricle

Left Atrium Auricle

Right VentricleLeft Ventricle

Pericardium

• Sticky, salty fluid• Circulates to carry nourishment and oxygen to

body parts• Carries toxins and waste products to liver

and kidneys• Average adult blood supply is 8-10 pints

The Circulatory SystemThe Blood


Basic Body Systems

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells) – Carry oxygen and contain

hemoglobin– Oxygenation is when

hemoglobin attracts oxygen– Oxygen-poor blood is deep

scarlet red– Oxygen-rich blood is bright red

• Leucocytes (white blood cells)– Increase in number when

infection invades the body– Fight bacteria and other

foreign substances



Basic Body Systems

The Blood

• Thrombocytes (blood platelets)– Responsible for the clotting of

blood• Plasma

– Fluid part of blood– Carries RBC, WBC and blood

platelets through the body – About 90% water



Basic Body Systems

The Blood

• Arteries– Tubular, elastic,

thick-walled– Branching vessels– Carry blood away

from heart– Carry pure blood

(bright red in color)

The Circulatory SystemBlood Vessels


Basic Body Systems

• Veins– Tubular, elastic, thin-walled– Branching vessels– Carry blood from capillaries

to heart– Cup-like valves prevent

backflow– Impure blood is dark red– Closer to body surface than

arteries

• Capillaries– Small vessels– Take nutrients and oxygen

from arteries to cells– Take waste from cells

to veins


– Systemic or general circulation – process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart

• To the heart– Blood enters right

auricle of heart through superior vena cava

– Blood then pumped through tricuspid valve into right ventricle


Basic Body Systems

Blood Flow through the Heart


• To the lungs– From right ventricle,

blood is pumped into pulmonary artery, then travels through pulmonary artery to lungs


Basic Body Systems



• Back to the Heart– Oxygenated blood

returns to heart via pulmonary vein and enters left auricle

– Blood is then pumped to left ventricle by bicuspid valve, then through the valve into aorta

• To the Body– Blood then flows

throughout body and returns to heart via the superior vena cava


Basic Body Systems



1. Common carotid artery2. Internal carotid artery3. External carotid artery4. Internal jugular vein5. External jugular vein6. Occipital artery7. Posterior auricular artery8. Superficial temporal artery9. External maxillary artery


Basic Body Systems

Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck


Common Carotid Arteries• Supply head, face

and neck• Located on either side of

the neck• Split into internal and

external carotid arteries


Basic Body Systems



• Internal Carotid Artery – supplies blood to brain, eyes and forehead

• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries, supplying blood to skin and muscles of the head


Basic Body Systems


All blood from the head, face and neck returns through two veins, internal and external jugular veins

All blood from the head, face and neck returns through two veins, internal and external jugular veins


• External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller arteries– Occipital – supplies blood to back of the head,

up to crown– Posterior Auricular – supplies blood to scalp

above and behind ears– Superficial Temporal – supplies blood to sides

and top of the head– External Maxillary – supplies blood to lower

portion of the face, including mouth and nose


Basic Body Systems



• Lymph– Colorless liquid byproduct– Nourishes parts of the body not reached

by blood– Travels through nodes or glands


Basic Body Systems

Lymph-Vascular System (Lymphatic System)

The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the

cardiovascular system

The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the

cardiovascular system

Circulatory SystemBeyond the

Book

In one day your heart transports your blood around the body

about 1,000 times.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science

The Nervous System

• Coordinates and controls operation of the body• 3 Subsystems

– Central or Cerebrospinal– Peripheral– Autonomic or Sympathetic

• Primary Components – Brain– Spinal cord – Nerves Chapter 3.2


Neurologystudy of nervous system

The Nervous System

• Central Nervous System– Composed of brain, spinal cord and spinal

and cranial nerves– Responsible for all voluntary body actions

• Brain– Controls all 3 parts of nervous system– Command center– Weighs 44-48 ounces

The Central Nervous System


Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System

Cerebrum Cerebellum

Pons Medulla Oblongata

• Mental activity

• Upper front of cranium

• Muscle movement

• Occipital area below cerebrum

• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column; below cerebrum

• Front of cerebellum

• Connects other parts of brain to spinal column

• Below pons

The Brain

The Nervous System

• Composed of long nerve fibers

• Originates in base of brain and extends to base of spine

• Holds 31 pairs of spinal nerves

The Spinal Cord


Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System

• Have nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane• Long and short threadlike fibers called

axons extend from nerve cells• Nerve terminals

– located at the end of axons– send messages as impulses– short fibers called dendrites receive

messages

The Peripheral Nervous System


Basic Body Systems

Nerve Cells (neurons)

• Composed of sensory and motor nerves extending from brain and spinal cord to other parts of body

The Nervous System

• Sensory– Afferent– Carry messages to brain and spinal cord– Sense of smell, sight, touch, hearing, taste

• Motor– Efferent– Carry messages from brain to muscles

• Mixed– Perform both sensory and

motor functions

Types of Nerves


Basic Body Systems

The Nervous SystemThe Trifacial Nerve (Fifth Cranial)


Basic Body Systems

• Largest of cranial nerves• Transmits facial sensations to brain• Controls the muscle movements of chewing• Divides into three main branches:

– Ophthalmic– Maxillary– Mandibular

The Nervous System

• Ophthalmic – Main nerve branch to the top 1/3 of face

• Maxillary– Main nerve branch to the middle 1/3 of face– Divides further into zygomatic and infraorbital

• Mandibular– Main nerve to the lower 1/3 of the face– Divides further into auriculo temporal

and mental

The Trifacial Nerve


Basic Body Systems

Ophthalmic

Maxillary

Mandibular

The Nervous System


Basic Body Systems

The Trifacial Nerve

The Nervous System

• Emerges from brain at the lower part of ear• Primary motor nerve of the face• 6 branches are of particular importance

– Posterior Auricular - extends to muscles behind and below ear

– Temporal - extends to muscles of temple, side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid and upper cheek

– Zygomatic – extends to upper muscles of cheek

The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)


Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System

– Buccal – extends to muscles of mouth– Mandibular – extends to muscles or chin and

lower lip– Cervical – extends to muscles on side of neck

• Other cervical nerves originate in spinal cord

with branches to scalp and neck

The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)


Basic Body Systems

The Nervous SystemArm and Hand Nerves4 primary nerves are mixed nerves


Basic Body Systems

Ulnarextends down little finger sideof arm into palm of the hand

Radialextends down thumb side of

the arm into back of hand

Medianextends down mid-forearm

into handDigitalextends into fingers of hand

The Nervous System

• Previously listed nerves of face, head and neck may be stimulated during facials and/or scalp massage

• Through massage, tight muscles can be relaxed; fatigued muscles can be soothed

Nerves and Massage


Basic Body Systems

The Nervous System

• Physically part of central nervous system• Responsible for all involuntary body functions• Operates the respiratory, digestive,

circulatory, excretory, endocrine and reproductive systems

The Autonomic System (Sympathetic)


Basic Body Systems

Nervous SystemBeyond the

Book

There are more nerve cells in the human brain then there are stars in the milky way.

http://serendip.brynmawr.edu

http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/

The Digestive System

Breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products

1. Enzymes from salivary glands start breaking down food

2. Food travels down pharynx and through esophagus

3. Food is propelled into stomach by twisting and turning of esophagus (peristalsis)

4. Food is broken down by hydrochloric acid and enzymes


Basic Body Systems

The Digestive System

5. Food passes from stomach into small intestine

6. Nutrients are absorbed by villi

7. Undigested food passes into large intestine

The entire digestive process takes about 9 hours


Basic Body Systems

Happiness and relaxation promote good digestion.

Digestive SystemBeyond the

Book

Food is able to reach your stomach even when you are standing upside down.

The Excretory System• Eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from

the bodyOrgans of excretory system include:• Skin

– Body’s largest organ; releases water, carbon dioxide and other waste through sweat glands

• Liver– Neutralizes ammonia from circulatory system and

converts it to urea• Kidneys

– Receive urea from liver– Nephrons filter out waste and water– Excreted waste products travel through

ureters and bladder, eliminated in urine Chapter 3.2Anatomy and Physiology

Basic Body Systems

Excretory SystemBeyond the

Book

Three of the four major metabolic wastes produced by the body are filtered from the blood by the kidneys. They are water, salts, and urea; these are the same three wastes that sweat glands filter and excrete. Sweat and urine are basically made from the same ingredients.

The Respiratory System

• Primary Functions– Intake of oxygen– Exhalation of carbon dioxide

• Primary organs are lungs and diaphragm

• Breathing through the nose is a healthier option than breathing through the mouth


Basic Body Systems

The Respiratory System


Basic Body Systems

• Lungs - process oxygen for

absorption into the blood and release carbon dioxide.

• Diaphragm - expands and contracts

automatically, forcing air into and out of the lungs.

Respiratory SystemBeyond the

Book

Seventy-eight percent of the air we breathe in is nitrogen, twenty-one percent is oxygen, one percent is argon and other waste gasses, and 0.033 percent is carbon dioxide.

The Endocrine System• Composed of ductless glands that regulate and

control growth, reproduction and health of body• The glands manufacture hormones• Nutrition plays a key role in proper regulation of

this system• Affects hair growth, skin conditions, energy levels

– Signs of fatigue or changes in hair growth may signal need for medical attention


Basic Body Systems

The Reproductive System

• Responsible for process by which a living organism procreates others of its kind


Basic Body Systems

The Integumentary System


Basic Body Systems

• Composed of skin and its layers • The two primary glands are

– Sebaceous (oil) glands– Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Endocrine SystemBeyond the

Book

The average person has 2.6 million sweat glands

in their skin!

http://science.howstuffworks.com

http://science.howstuffworks.com/

On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer the following questions.

Basic Body Systems Self-Check


Basic Body Systems

1. Name three of the nine mouth muscles: __________________

__________________

__________________

2. Name two of the six cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.



Basic Body Systems

__________________

__________________


3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?

a. plasma

b. leucocytes

c. thrombocytes

d. red blood cells


Basic Body Systems


4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.

__________________

__________________


Basic Body Systems


5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?

a. pharynx

b. stomach

c. small intestine

d. salivary glands


Basic Body Systems


6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.

______________________

______________________


Basic Body Systems


7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.

_________________

_________________


Basic Body Systems


8. Name the three things that the endocrine system directly affects.

_________________

_________________

_________________


Basic Body Systems

Know ChartAs you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column.

KNOW CHART

1. 2. 3.4.5.6.7.8.

I Know: I Need to Study:

1. 2. 3.4.5.6.7.8. Chapter 3.2


Now check your work.

Oris orbicularis

Quadratus labii superioris

Quadratus labii inferioris

Mentalis

Risorius

Caninus

Triangularis

Zygomaticus

Buccinator



Basic Body Systems

1. Name three of the nine mouth muscles:

2. Name two of the four cranial bones affected by a scalp massage.

Frontal Parietal

Occipital

Temporal



Basic Body Systems


3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other foreign substances and increase in number when infection invades the body?

a. plasma

b. leucocytes

c. thrombocytes

d. red blood cells


Basic Body Systems

____________

____________

____________

____________


4. Name two of the four primary nerves found in the arm and hand.

Ulnar (1)

Radial (2)

Median (3)

Digital (4)


Basic Body Systems


5. Where does food travel after it leaves the esophagus during the digestive process?

a. pharynx

b. stomach

c. small intestine

d. salivary glands


Basic Body Systems


6. Name two of the three organs of the excretory system.

Skin

Liver

Kidneys


Basic Body Systems

________________

________________


7. Name the two primary respiratory system organs.


Basic Body Systems

Lungs (1)

Diaphragm (2)


8. Name the three things that the endocrine system directly affects.

_______________

_______________

_______________

Hair Growth

Skin Conditions

Energy Levels


Basic Body Systems

Skeletal System

Lessons Learned


Basic Body Systems

Composed of 206 bones, the skeletal system is the physical foundation of the body

The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, provides a frame for muscles, and allows for body movement

Face the

Facts

Lessons Learned


Basic Body Systems

There are more than 500 large and small muscles in the body, composing approximately 40% of the body’s weight

The muscular system supports the skeleton, produces body movements, contours the body and helps other body systems function

Face the

Facts

Muscular System

Lessons Learned


Basic Body Systems

The circulatory system controls the circulation of blood and lymph through the body

The circulatory system is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph glands, nodes and vessels

Face the

Facts

Circulatory System

Nervous System

Lessons Learned

Primary components of the nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

The study of the nervous system is called neurology


Basic Body Systems

Face the

Facts

Lessons Learned

The digestive system breaks food down into simpler chemical compounds that can be easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the body in waste products

The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from the body


Basic Body Systems

Face the

Facts

Digestive System

Excretory System

Lessons Learned

The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen to be absorbed into the blood and the exhalation of carbon dioxide

The endocrine system is composed of a group of specialized ductless glands that regulate and control the growth, reproduction, and health of the body


Basic Body Systems

Face the

FactsRespiratory System

Endocrine System

IT’S 2 U!


Basic Body Systems

1. ____bicep 4. ____opponens 7. ____origin

2. ____tricep 5. ____flexor 8. ____striated

3. ____pectoralis 6. ____extensor 9. ____non-striated

Match each picture with the correct term by placing the correct letter in the appropriate blank.

B

I

F

H.

F.E.D.

C.

D

H

C

E

A

G

Answers

A. B.

I.G.

On a sheet of paper numbered 1-10, answer the following questions.

1. The basic units of living matter are:

a. cells

b. nerves

c. organs

d. muscles

Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test

Chapter 3Anatomy and Physiology

2. What is the role of epithelial tissue?

a. contracts to produce motion

b. carries messages to and from brain

c. supports, protects and holds the body together

d. covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs



3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

a. allowing body movement

b. providing a frame for the body

c. sending and receiving body messages

d. surrounding and protecting internal organs



4. Which of the following phrases describes striated muscles?

a. involuntary muscles

b. only found in the heart

c. respond to commands regulated by will

d. controlled by the autonomic nervous system



5. Muscles affected by massage are generally manipulated from the:

a. belly to insertion

b. insertion to belly

c. origin to insertion

d. insertion to origin



6. Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called:

a. veins

b. arteries

c. capillaries

d. lymph vessels



7. The fluid part of the blood is called:

a. plasma

b. hemoglobin

c. red blood cells

d. white blood cells



8. The cranial nerve responsible for transmitting facial sensations to the brain is the:

a. ulnar

b. facial

c. radial

d. trifacial



9. Which of the following nerve types carry messages from the brain to the muscles?

a. trifacial

b. afferent

c. efferent

d. sensory



10. What is the name of the system that regulates the growth, reproduction andhealth of the body?

a. nervous

b. digestive

c. endocrine

d. respiratory



Time to check the self-test

1. a. cells

2. d. covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs

3. c. sending and receiving body messages

4. c. respond to commands regulated by will

5. d. insertion to origin



6. b. arteries

7. a. plasma

8. d. trifacial

9. c. efferent

10. c. endocrine



Chapter 3: Anatomy and Physiology

• Building Blocks of the Human Body• Basic Body Systems

+ =

In conclusion...

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