Chapter 3 Databases and Data Warehouses3883

7/28/2019 Chapter 3 Databases and Data Warehouses3883

1/45

Chapter 3

Databases and

Data Warehouses

Building BusinessIntelligence


2/45

Overview

Business Intelligence

The Relational Database Model

Database Management System Tools Data Warehouses and Data Mining

Managing The Information Resource In An

Organization


3/45

Opening Case StudyHigh Tech Battles High School Truancy

Organizations need databases (and data

warehouses) for organizing and managinginformation.

Why are the implementation of securityand privacy measures difficult?


4/45

Introduction

Databases and data warehouses are

methods for organizing and managing

information and business intelligence.

Database management systems and data

mining tools are IT tools you use to work

with information and business intelligence.


5/45

Business intelligence - isknowledge about your:

Customers

Competitors

Partners

Competitive environment

Internal operations



6/45



7/45


Two types of information processing include:

1. Online transaction processing (OLTP) - thegathering of input information, processing that

information, and updating existing information to

reflect the gathered and processed information.

Operational databases - databases that support OLTP.

2. Online analytical processing (OLAP) - themanipulation of information to support decision

making.


8/45


A data warehouse is a special form of a

database that contains information

gathered from many operational

databases for the purpose of supportingdecision-making tasks.


9/45


Database - a collection of information that you organizeand access according to the logical structure of thatinformation.

Relational database model - uses a series of logicallyrelated two-dimensional tables or files to storeinformation in the form of a database.

Relation - describes each two-dimensional table or filein the relational model.


10/45


Relational databases are composed of

two parts:

1. Information stored in a series of two-

dimensional tables, files, or relations.

2. Logical structure of the information.


11/45

The Relational Database ModelCollections of Information


12/45

The Relational Database ModelCreated with Logical Structures

When you create a database, you first

create the data dictionary.

Data dictionary - contains the logicalstructure for the information.


13/45

The Relational Database ModelCreated with Logical Structures

Part Numberis the primarykey because of the keyicon beside it.

For Percentage Markup, wedefined its Format asPercent and its number

of decimal places as 2.


14/45

The Relational Database ModelWith Logical Ties Among the Information

Primary key - a field (or group of fields insome cases) that uniquely describes each

record.

Foreign key - a primary key of one filethat appears in another file.


15/45

The Relational Database ModelWith Logical Ties Among the Information


16/45

The Relational Database ModelWith Built-In Integrity Constraints

Integrityconstraints rulesthat help ensure the

quality of the

information.

Team Work

Primary Keys,

Foreign Keys, and

Integrity Constraints

(p. 133)


17/45

Database Management

System Tools Database management system (DBMS) helps youspecify the logical organization for a database andaccess and use the information within a database.

A DBMS contains the following five important softwarecomponents: DBMS engine

Data definition subsystem

Data manipulation subsystem

Application generation subsystem

Data administration subsystem


18/45

Database Management

System Tools


19/45

DBMS engine - accepts logical requests from thevarious other DBMS subsystems, converts them intotheir physical equivalent, and actually accesses thedatabase and data dictionary as they exist on a storagedevice.

Physical view - deals with how information is physicallyarranged, stored, and accessed on some type of storagedevice such as a hard disk.

Logical view - focuses on how you arrange and accessinformation to meet your particular business needs.

Database Management

System Tools


20/45

DBMS ToolsData Definition Subsystem

Data definition subsystem - helps you createand maintain the data dictionary and define the

structure of the files in a database.

(For a great overview on the logical properties of

information review the table on page 136)


21/45

DBMS ToolsData Manipulation Subsystem

Data manipulation subsystem - helps you add,change, and delete information in a database

and mine it for valuable information. Tools here

include views, report generators, QBE, and SQL.

View - allows you to see the contents of adatabase file, make whatever changes you want,

perform simple sorting, and query to find the

location of specific information.


22/45


Click here to enter a newrecord.

Find information using thebinoculars.


23/45


Report generator - helps you quicklydefine formats of reports and what

information you want to see in a report.


24/45


By following a series of simple screens, you can

easily create the report below.


25/45


Query-by-example (QBE) tools - helpyou graphically design the answer to a

question.


26/45


The QBE grid

Our selection criteria


27/45


Structured query language (SQL) - a standardizedfourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs.

The SQL below creates the same report in Figure 3.7 on

page 139. SELECT Part.[Part Number], Part.Cost, Employee.[Employee

Name], Employee.[Employee Number]

FROM Part, EmployeeWHERE (((Part.Cost)>10));


28/45

DBMS ToolsApplication Generation Subsystem

Application generation subsystem -contains facilities to help you develop

transaction-intensive applications. Data entry screens

DBMS-specific programming languages

Commonly used programming languages


29/45

DBMS ToolsData Administration Subsystem

Data administrationsubsystem - a DBMShelps you manage theoverall database

environment by providingfacilities for backup andrecovery, securitymanagement, queryoptimization, concurrency

control, and changemanagement.

On Your Own

DBMS Support

OLTP, OLAP, andInformation Management

(p. 142)


30/45


Backup and recovery facilities:

Periodically back up information contained in a

database.

Restart or recover a database and its information incase of a failure.

Security management facilities - control who has

access to what information and what type ofaccess those people have.


31/45


Query optimization facilities - take queries from usersand restructure them to minimize response times.

Reorganization facilities - continually maintain statistics

concerning how the DBMS engine physically accessesinformation.

Concurrency control facilities - ensure the validity of

database updates when multiple users attempt to accessand change the same information.


32/45

Data Warehouses and

Data MiningWhat Is a Data Warehouse?

Data warehouse - a logical collection of

information gathered from many differentoperational databases used to create

business intelligence that supports

business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.


33/45

Data Warehouses and



34/45

Data Warehouses and


Data warehouses are not transaction-

oriented.

Data warehouses support online analytical

processing (OLAP).


35/45

Data Warehouses and

Data MiningWhat Are Data Mining Tools?

Data mining tools - software tools you use to query

information in a data warehouse. These toolsinclude:

Query-and-reporting tools - similar to QBE tools,SQL, and report generators in the typical databaseenvironment.

Intelligent agents use various artificialintelligence tools to form the basis of informationdiscovery and building business intelligence inOLAP.


36/45

Data Warehouses and


Data mining tools continued

Multidimensional analysis (MDA) tools -slice-and-dice techniques that allow you toview multidimensional information fromdifferent perspectives.

Statistical tools help you apply variousmathematical models to the informationstored in a data warehouse to discover newinformation.


37/45

Data Warehouses and



38/45

Data Warehouses and

Data MiningData Marts Smaller Data Warehouses

Data mart - asubset of a

datawarehouse inwhich only afocused portion

of the datawarehouseinformation iskept.


39/45

Data Warehouses and

Data MiningImportant Considerations

Do you need a data warehouse?

Do all your employees need anentire data warehouse?

How up-to-date must the

information be?

What data mining tools do youneed?

Team Work

How Up-to-Date

Should DataWarehouse

Information Be?

(p. 149)


40/45

MANAGING THE

INFORMATION RESOURCEWho Should Oversee the Organizations

Information?

Chief information officer (CIO) - responsible for

overseeing an organizations information resource.

Data administration - plans for, oversees thedevelopment of, and monitors the information resource.

Database administration - responsible for the moretechnical and operational aspects of managing theinformation contained in organizational databases.


41/45

MANAGING THE

INFORMATION RESOURCEHow Will Changes in Technology Affect

Organizing and Managing Information?

As new technologies become available, youshould ask yourself whether those technologieswill help you organize and manage yourinformation better.

One of the greatest technological changes thatwill occur over the coming years is aconvergence of different tools that will help youbetter organize and manage information.


42/45

MANAGING THE

INFORMATION RESOURCEIs Information Ownership a Consideration?

Information ownership is

a key consideration intodays information-basedbusiness environment.

Ownership refers to whois responsible forinformation quality.

On Your Own

CRUD DefiningInformation Ownership

(p. 151)


43/45

MANAGING THE

INFORMATION RESOURCEWhat Are the Ethics Involved in Managing

and Organizing Information?

Databases, data warehouses, DBMSs, and datamining tools make it possible for people to easily

access all kinds of organizational information.

How does an organization safeguard against the

unethical use of information within the

organization?


44/45

Closing Case Study OneWeve Got OLTP Covered; Lets Go on to

OLAP

What is the single most important factor

that hinders all organizations in general

from providing good online analytical

processing (OLAP) support?

Why is it so much easier for organizationsto provide good online transaction

processing (OLTP) support?


45/45

Closing Case Study TwoMining Dining Data

Consider the issue of timely informationwith respect to the businesses discussedin the case.

Which of the businesses must have themost up-to-date information in its data

warehouse?

Date post:	03-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	seine-exzellenz-christopher-henry
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Chapter 3 Databases and Data Warehouses3883

Documents