Chapter 3

Growth of a New Nation

Election of 1800Very close election-Adams vs. JeffersonDecided in House of Representatives because

Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied; beat Adams by 8 votes

Hamilton stepped in; Jefferson became Pres. and Aaron Burr became VP

Jefferson (Dem/Rep) won-serves two terms from 1801-1809

Side note: Aaron Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804…..fatally shot him and still allowed to finish his term as VP!

3.1 Thomas Jefferson-Jeffersonian Era

Jeffersonian Era ContinuedJeffersonian Republicanism: people should

control government; simple government bestDecentralized governmentSize of Army/Navy reducedLowered expenses for government social

functions

Side note….Jefferson’s presidency marks a pattern of Southern dominance in presidential politics. New England’s Federalists lose some power and several presidents are from Virginia.

1803Supreme Court case established

“judicial review”Adam’s “Midnight Judges”Declared part of Judiciary Act of 1789

was unconstitutionalStrengthened Supreme Court’s power

Marbury v. Madison

Purchased in 1803 by the U.S. from FranceJefferson lacked Congressional approval,

but purchased anyway$15 millionDoubled the size of U.S.Led to Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-

1806)

See Video: History Channel-Lewis and Clark Expedition (1:50)

Louisiana Purchase

See Video: Jefferson’s Presidency

James Madison and War of 1812

James Madison (Dem-Rep)-1809-1817Britain and France threatened U.S. shipping

for many yearsCauses of War of 1812:

Americans focused anger against BritainMany upset with British impressmentsYoung Southern and Western “war hawks”

called for war

Britain and U.S. ill-prepared for war-U.S. declared war in Spring of 1812

Britain scored victory in August, 1814 when Washington, D.C. was sacked; Capitol, Presidential Mansion, and other public buildings burned

Most significant victory for U.S. was Battle of New Orleans-led by General Andrew Jackson-January 8, 1815

Treaty of Ghent signed Christmas Eve, 1814-led to peace

War of 1812 Information

See Video: -James Madison-Presidential Profile Video-Americans and British Face Off in War of 1812 (3:09)-History Channel-Listen to “Battle of New Orleans”-Johnny Horton

Death of Federalist PartyEncouraged growth of American

industries; some products no longer available from Britain

Confirmed U.S. was a free, independent nation

Surge of Nationalism-focus on nation as a whole, not on regions (Sectionalism)

Effects of War of 1812

President from 1817-1825 (Dem/Rep)Monroe Doctrine:

Foundation for future American policyWarned European powers not to

interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere (North and South America)

“Era of Good Feelings”

See Video: Monroe’s Presidency

James Monroe

3.2 The Age of JacksonRegional Differences

Industry took off first in New England; shipping and trade

South continued to grow as agricultural power

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793)=cotton grown more efficiently and profitable

Clay’s American System:Created by Monroe and promoted

by House speaker, Henry Clay (KY)Created for economic independence

from BritainSupport of tariffs to promote U.S.

industry, re-charter national bank and system of transportation to make travel faster

Balancing Nationalism/Sectionalism

Missouri Compromise

Many sectional conflictsMissouri requested

admission to the UnionSlave state or Free

State?1820-1821Agreements created by

ClayMaine admitted as free

state; Missouri as slave36-30 latitude line;

North of line=Free ; South of line=Slave, except for Missouri

Andrew Jackson-Democrat/1829-1837Jacksonian Democracy-

political power for all classesIntroduced Spoils

System-administrations hire their own supporters to replace supporters from previous administrations

Jackson gave many jobs to friends and political allies

Indian Removal Act1830-passed by Congress

Forced Native Americans out of Southeast

Ruled unconstitutionalIgnored by Jackson, could not be

enforcedCherokees last to move West; led

to the Trail of Tears in 1838More than 25% of Cherokee

people died

Southern leaders opposed to tariffs passed in 1832

South Carolina tried to nullify tariffJackson threatened military force to

enforce tariffCompromise avoided violence, but

tension remained

Nullification and Bank War

Jackson against national bankThought it favored wealthy and cared

nothing for common peopleMoney from federal banks placed in

state banksMany accused Jackson of acting like a

king, instead of president; opposed by the new Whig Party

Led to economic collapse in 1837

Continued

1. What does this cartoon suggest about Jackson’s attitude toward the Constitution?2. How does this cartoon particularly comment on Jackson’s use of presidential power?

Andrew Jackson:Presidential Profile Video

Belief that the United States was ordained by God to expand to the Pacific Ocean

Many moved WestAbundance of landEconomic troubles back EastTradeMormons moved to escape

persecutionSanta Fe Trail and Oregon TrailBoth trails began in Independence,

Missouri

3.3 Manifest Destiny

Texas RevolutionMexico invited Americans to settle in

TexasInexpensive land Led by Stephen AustinTexans forced to obey Mexican law

by Santa AnnaTexans armed themselves but were

defeated at The Alamo; all 187 U.S. defenders were killed in February 1836

Americans retaliated and cried “Remember the Alamo” April, 1836: Rebels’ chief Sam Houston and 900 soldiers surprised Mexicans, killed 630 Mexican soldiers and captured Santa Anna

Treaty of Velasco-Texas became independent in 1836

Sam Houston became President of Republic of Texas

Continued

The Alamo and Sam Houston

Southerners wanted Texas admitted to the Union to extend slavery

North upset-would tip power in Senate to South

Texas added to the Union in 1845

Continued

President James K. Polk favored annexing TexasU.S. declares war on Mexico in

1845U.S. wins war and Treaty of

Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) does the following:Gains present-day California, Nevada,

New Mexico, Utah and parts of 3 other states

1849-California Gold Rush begins

Mexican-American War

First half of 1800’s, more and more people bought goods rather than made what they needed

Free Enterprise-business profit, little government regulationNew inventions=economic growth

Telegraph, steam-powered ships and railroads

3.4 Market Revolution

Farming inventions:Steel plowReaperSoutherners still relied on slave

labor to grow cotton, rice and tobacco

Continued

Rise of factories changed nature of workLong hoursYoung women in textile millsImmigrants came to U.S. in search of

opportunity1.3 million people came from Ireland

between 1845-1854Eastern cities grew and labor unions started

Continued

3.5 Reforming American SocietyEarly 1800’s-Second Great Awakening

Emphasis on emotional individual conversionTranscendentalism: Truth discovered through

human interaction with natureStressed reason and dignityRalph Waldo EmersonAfrican-Americans felt message of Christianity

offered hope to them also

Largest camp meeting during Second Great Awakening-Cane Ridge, Ky. 1801

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Abolition: effort to end slaveryFrederick Douglass

An escaped slaveWrote and spoke on evils of slavery

William Lloyd Garrison-White radical abolitionistThe Liberator

-1828-newspaperDemanded immediate emancipation

Social Reform

Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison

1831-Turner’s RebellionLed by Nat Turner, a Virginia slave60 whites were killedTurner and others captured and executed

Social Reform continued

Dorothea Dix-fought for rights of mentally disabled

Many women pushed for temperance and were abolitionists

Push for improved education for women

Side note: some remarked if women were educated “they will be educating cows next” ….not cool

Social Reform Continued

1848New York stateMany female reformers met to

demand equal rights for womenElizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott were organizers

Seneca Falls Convention

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott