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INPUT & OUTPUT of INPUT & OUTPUT of system system
INPUT & OUTPUT of INPUT & OUTPUT of system system
Input Devices• The data or instructions you type into
the computer are called input• Input devices used to get data into a
system.• Get data into a system as accurately,
least amount of time.• It’s a cheap device.
Examples of Input Devices
• Keyboard• Mouse• Tracker ball • Touch sensitive pad• Joystick • Light pen • Touch screen • Graphics tablets • Magnetic Strip Reader• Bar Code reader• Digital cameras• Web Cameras
• OCR • MICR• OMR• Punched Card• Kimball tag• Voice recognition • Microphone• EPOS• EFTPOS• Video digitiser• Scanner• Touch Phone Telephone
1.Keyboard• Keyboard is the oldest and most familiar of all
input devices• Keyboard are intelligent devices and contain
their own chips.• The microprocessor scans the keyboard
hundreds of second to see if a key has been pressed .
• The CPU translate that key and convert into ASCII code.
• A standard keyboard called QWERTY keyboard.
Concept or Ergonomic Keyboard
• New keyboards, called concept keyboards, have been developed for ergonomics
• The goal of this keyboard is to provide comfort and safety.
• The user who spends a lot of time in typing may experience repetitive injuries of wrist and hand.
• Higher typing speeds can be achieved.
Cordless keyboard• That requires no wires• It is also called wireless
keyboards.• It transmits data using wireless
technology like radio waves or light waves
Special keyboards• These keyboards make it easy for
blind users to input data into a computer
• There are also keyboards with large coloured keys that are easier to see.
• Each key is about one inch square.
Advantages
• Most computers come with a keyboard supplied
• People are used to using keyboards to enter data, they need very little training
• A skilled typist can enter data very quickly
• Specialist keyboards are available e.g. ergonomic, gaming keyboards
Disadvantages
• It is easy to make mistakes when typing in data • If you can't touch type, it can be time
consuming to enter data • Keyboards are not suitable for creating
diagrams • Disabled people often find keyboards difficult
to use • Excessive use can lead to R.S.I.
2.Mouse• That translate its movement on the
desktop into digital information.• Moving the mouse produces
movement of cursor or the pointer on the screen.
• The mouse is also provided with buttons to press.
Technologies • Movement of ball bearing is used
to produce electrical signal.• Small lights under the mouse are
reflected on the photoelectric cells.
uses• To select options from a menu or form
a set of icons • To position the cursor when editing text
or using a design package.• To draw shapes.• It selects a position on the screen more
quickly than is possible with a keyboard.
3.Joysticks • Is similar to tracker ball.• Is a device which enables the user to control
movement on the screen by a small lever.• The lever can be moved in any direction.• Some joysticks give more control on the screen.Uses • Controlling objects in computer games • Producing graphics• Scanners in hospitals
4.Light Pen • Is a pen shaped device, held in the
hand which can detect the presence or absence of light
• It is connected by the cable to a recording device or to a computer or computer terminal.
• Electrical signals are sent along the cable indicating whether or not light of sufficient intensity is being sensed.
Uses • To detect bar codes• To indicate a point on the screen • It removes the need to type or write.• It is faster than typing.Disadvantage:It can only record the presence or
absence of light.It only works with software written for it.
5.Graphics Tablet• Is also known as digitizing or digitizing
pad.• The digitize data means to convert it
from analog form to digital.• A design is put on the board and its
shape is traced out with the stylus.• Electrical signals sent to the computer
record the position of the stylus.• Encoding the picture into binary form
Uses • It can be used to digitize drawings
with great accuracy.• Reproducing drawings and designs• Producing layouts of printed circuit
boards.• Digitizer Maps.
6.Touch Pad /Track Pad
• Is a small, flat surface over which the user moves his finger.
• The movement of the finger moves the cursor on the screen.
• A touch pad also has one or more buttons near it .
• These buttons like mouse buttons.• Touch pads are commonly used with
notebook computers
Touch screen • Is a video display screen that
receives input from the touch of finger
• Examples• ATM • Petrol Pumps
Magnetic Strip • Is a short length of magnetic tape stuck on
the surface of a tag, card or document.• On plastic tags or cards the strip is sealed in.• Tags with stripes identify the item they are
attached to.Examples:• On credit card • On bank cards• A phone Card • Cash issue Terminals
Advantages• It is simple to produce.• It is not easily damaged.• It stores a large no of characters.Disadvantages • The data can be changed or
erased by magnetic field.
7.Barcodes Readers• Is set of parallel printed lines of differing thickness, which represent a number.
• The number represented by the bars is also printed above or below the bar code.
• When bar code are used on shop goods, the number coded identifies the product and have following information
1. Country of region 2. Manufacturer 3. An item number for the product.Examples:• Used in Barcodes• Library System • Warehouse stock
Advantages• Printed easily • The type of item or its price does not have
to be repeatedly written down or typed.Disadvantages:• bar codes cannot be changed and thus
there are unsuitable prices.• Bar codes only be read by machine.• Only numbers can be coded in this way.
8.Optical Card reader (OCR)
• Is a technology that reads typewritten , computer printed or handwritten documents.
• It translate the image into a form that can be recognized by computer.
• OCR devices read printed characters using OCR font.
• An OCR device determines the shapes of characters by detecting patterns of light and dark.
Uses • In department stores • To scan financial documents such
as company
9.Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
• It is also called mark sensing device.• It uses light to scan input data to convert it
into electrical/digital signal.• The signals are then sent to the computer
for further processing.• Examples• Voting ballot • Multiple choice answer sheet marking• Enrollment forms
Mark sheet (OMR)
Advantages• In OMR there is typing involve so errors and
takes time is less • Reduces the cost of inputting large amount of
data • The method is useful when results of the test
are needed very quickly • Disadvantages• Readers are very expansive• Only certain fonts are acceptable.• There is high rejection rate
10.Magnetic ink character reader
(MICR)
• Characters are printed using an ink containing iron oxide.
• As the document passes into the reader the ink is magnetized, so that the character shapes can then be recognized electrically.
Use • It is used by banks industry for check
processing.• Each check contains MICR characters
at the lower left edge.• These characters represent check
number ,bank number and account number
Branch codeCheque number
Account number
Advantages• Documents can still be read when
folded, written on Disadvantages• Readers are very expansive • Only certain fonts are acceptable.
11.Punched cards• Contains holes in different positions which
mean something when they are read by a reader.
• Punched cards were the main method of entering data into computers.
• Example: • The clock card which is used to record the
hours a person works so that wages can be calculated.
12.Kimball tag • Kimball tags are the small cards
with holes punched in them that you see attached to clothing in certain shops.
• When you buy the goods, one of the tags is removed and sent for processing to a computer centre.
Advantage • Stock is reordered without any
writing or typing the data.• Disadvantages:• They are small and are easily
mislaid.
Voice Recognition • Using a microphone human speech is
coded into a sequence of electrical signals.
• The computer searches a set of stored patterns for the sound which has been input
• It is now popular for inputting data into word processing or database packages.
Advantage• Useful for handicapped people with
limited movement• No typing or data preparation is
necessary.
Disadvantage:• Few words can be recognized and the
error rate is high.• Not suitable in noisy places.
13.Microphone• Is used for input device for a
speech recognition system.• The voice pattern of user is then
converted into instructions to the operating system or application software or text.
• Uses as voice mail messages
14.Electronic point of sale Terminal (EPOS)
• Are the cash registers which act as the terminals to a main computer system
• Providing customers with item used in bills.
• Give useful management information
15.Electronic Fund transfer at point of sale
(EFTPOS)• Similar to EPOS terminal but some
additional features.• They are able to transfer funds from
your bank account directly to a store’s switch card called a debit card.
• Example:• Switch card
Advantage• You can use it instead of a cheque.• Faster method of payment • Money is instantly transferred into its
account.• You can also get cash back using your
debit card.Disadvantage:• They may be stolen and they are said to
encourage people to spend more money.
16.Video Digitizer• Is the combination of hardware and Software that
converts an analogue video signal into a digital signal in computer’s memory
• Is used to convert a frame from a video sequence into a picture
• Each frame from the video is converted using video digitiser.
• It may be played back in any required sequence.• Is also called image grabbing or frame grabbing• Take up a lot of main memory and when stored use a
large amount of disk space
Uses• Digitiser pictures Can be printed
in a magazine or document • To make television adverts and to
produce pop videos.
17.Scanner • Read data or information from the
source• Source could be written document, a
price tag, a graphics image , or photograph
• To scan text or images which manipulated in some way before being printed
Types of Scanner • Optical Scanner • Optical Reader
Optical Scanner • It is a light sending input device.• The scanner image depend upon resolution• Image will be sharper if the scanner provides
high resolution • it provide OCR Software • Different types of Optical Scanner are • Flatbed Scanner • Sheetfed Scanner • Handheld Scanner
18.Digital Camera • Is used to store, picture in digital form.• Store images using different ways like floppy
disk, memory stick, mini CD ,PC Card and micro device.
• Can be connected to a computer easily through USB port.
• Image resolution for digital camera measured by megapixels.
• Higher resolution photo takes up more memory .
Advantages• No film is needed • No expensive developing costs• Pictures are in digital form so it
can easily sent over the internet• You can adjust the size of image
19.Web camera ( Web Cams)
• Is simply a digital camera that is used to capture still images and video images
• These images can then be transmitted to a computer where they are stored in graphics format
• Pictures can be used on the websites
• Camera placed on top the screen such a system allow video conferencing
Uses• Advertising • Checking on children in nurseries• Checking on the weather on the
other part of the world
20.Touch tone Telephones
• Having a different tone of each number when pressed key
• Using these different tones that the numbers dialed are recognized and routed to correct telephone
• Can be used as a data entry device • Home banking system use touch
tone telephone
Output Device• Output device provide results in a
suitable form after data processing.• Output devices are used to get data out
of a system.• They should be able to do this as
accurately and quickly as possible, and with the minimum of human intervention.
Output Device – Visual devices (including Visual Display
Units [VDUs], screens, and monitors)– Hard copy devices (including ink jet
printer, laser printers, dot-matrix printers, and plotters)
– Sound devices– Computer controlled devices (including
robots)
Monitor or VDU • Most common output deice • It is known as display screen• The output display by monitor is
called soft copy so it is ideal for showing the results from an enquire where no printed is needed.
Features of Monitor • Size • Color • Resolution• Video Display Adapter
Types of Monitor • CRT • Flat Panel Monitors • Touch screen Monitors
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• Creates the image on the screen through electronic beam
• This is same type that is use in Television
• It consists of one or more guns • These guns generate red ,green and
blue (RGB) colors.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• LCD screens are most often seen on portable or laptop computers
• These are used in these applications because they are small and light.
• Also used where space is at the premium.• The molecules this substances line up in
such a way that the light behind the screens and creates an image.
• Use in banks and Multinational companies
Graphical Display unit ( GDU)
• Larger than VDU and have greater resolutions
• lines on the screen don’t look as through they are made up of lots of tiny dots.
• Are often used in conjunction with light pens
Printers • It prints character ,symbols and
graphics on paper.• Print resolution is commonly
measured in dots per inch (dpi)• Different types of printer are • Impact Printer • Non Impact Printer
Impact Printer • Its act like a typewriter • It prints characters or images by
striking a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon
• Dot matrix printer • Line printer • Daisy wheel Printer
1.Dot Matrix printer • It produces printed images when tiny pins on
a print head strike an inked ribbon• When ribbon pressed against the paper, it
creates dots that they form characters and graphics
• Which can transfer print through layers of paper.
• Able to print multi-part sheet where • It generates lot of noise ,its print quality is not
good
2.Line printer• Is a fast impact printer • It prints a entire line at a time • Its speed is measured in line per
minute
3.Daisy wheel printer • Similar to typewriter• Uses print wheel • A motor rotates the wheel.• Its slower than Dot matrix but
better in quality
2. Non Impact Printer• Prints characters and graphics on a
piece of paper without striking the paper.
• These printers are faster than impact printers
• Inkjet printer • Laser printer • Thermal printer
1.Inkjet printer• It prints characters and graphics by spraying tiny
drops of liquid ink on paper • The print head of an inkjet printer consists of
nozzles • It has two cartridges black and white• These printers can produce quality text and
graphics in both black and white color • slower than laser printer but faster than dot matrix
printer • They can print 1 to 6 pages per minute • Cheaper in price • Satisfactory in color
2.Laser Printer • Creates image on the paper by the
laser beam • Also called page printer because
they print complete page at a time• It contain toner • Throws magnetic powder on paper
in the form of microscopic dots
Advantages • Print a page at a time so it is fast and it
print pages 10ppm• They produce high quality of text and
graphics • They are quiet in operation compared
with dot matrix • Equipped with paper trays for both the
input and the output papers
Disadvantages• Are more expensive than dot matrix
or ink-jet printer • They are quite large and can take
up lot of disk space • Quite complex so the repair bills can
be high • Multi part stationary cannot be used
Thermal printer • Is a printer that uses heat process
to transfer colored dyes or inks to the paper
• Is the best color printers currently available but it is very expensive
Plotters • Is an output device that is used to
produce image quality graphics in variety of colors
• Used to create maps, architecture drawings, graphs and charts
• A plotter works by drawing lines on paper using pens held in a mechanical arm
• It may be in form of• Flatbed Plotter • Drum plotter
Plotters • Is an output device that is used to
produce image quality graphics in variety of colors
• Used to create maps, architecture drawings, graphs and charts
• A plotter works by drawing lines on paper using pens held in a mechanical arm
• It may be in form of• Flatbed Plotter • Drum plotter
Flatbed Plotter • Used to plot or draw images.• It contains pens for drawing
images. • The paper is placed on table like
surface • Software instructs the pens to
move down on the paper
Drum Plotter• Uses a rotating drum or
cylinder • The drawing pens are
mounted on the drum • The pens move to the
left and right as the drum rotates
• Advantage of drum plotter is that the length of the plot is almost unlimited
Voice Output• Visually people find the spoken
word from the computer • Special software is used for this
process • In a word processor each letter is
typed and it can hear with headphone.
Audio Output • An audio device translate audio
information from the computer into sounds that people can understand
• Speakers • Headsets
Electrical Signals• Sometimes the output from one computer system can
simply be a series of electrical signal• In this case one computer is being used as a terminal
and work that is done sent as electrical signals • Electrical signals can be output and used to control all
kinds of devices such as • Heating system • Alarms • Robots • Actuators • Computer aided manufacturing (CAM)• Computerised numerical control (CNC)
Computer controlled devices - Robots
A typical computer controlled device used in computer-aided manufacturing – a robotic arm