+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Chapter 3 - Molecules of Life Student PPT 2011-2012 Notes... · Chapter 3 –The Molecules of Life...

Chapter 3 - Molecules of Life Student PPT 2011-2012 Notes... · Chapter 3 –The Molecules of Life...

Date post: 26-Mar-2018
Category:
Upload: tranhuong
View: 221 times
Download: 3 times
Share this document with a friend
20
Slide 1 Chapter 3 – The Molecules of Life ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 State Standards Standard 1.h. Standard 5.a. Standard 4.e. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 Organic Molecules A cell is mostly water. The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbonbased molecules – organic compounds. Life’s diversity results from Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
Transcript

Slide 1 

Chapter 3 – The Molecules of Life

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 2 State Standards

Standard 1.h.

Standard 5.a.

Standard 4.e.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 3 Organic Molecules

• A cell is mostly water.

• The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon‐based molecules – organic compounds.

‐ Life’s diversity results from

‐ Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 4 Carbon Chemistry

• Carbon is a versatile atom.

‐ It has 4 electrons in an outer shell that holds eight.

‐ Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms

• Carbon can use its bonds to

‐ Attach to other carbons.

‐ Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 5 

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 6 

• The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons.

‐ These are organic molecules containing   

‐ Composed of a carbon skeleton with 

• The simplest hydrocarbon is methane.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 7 

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 8 

• Larger hydrocarbons

‐ Are the  main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars.

• The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 9 

• The unique properties of a organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton.

‐ These atoms are called functional groups.

‐ The functional groups of an organic compound participate in chemical reactions.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 10 

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 11 Hydrocarbon Practice

Directions:   Draw the following 5 carbon hydrocarbons:1.  Unbranched

b.  Why does each carbon bond to 4 other atoms?2. With a double bond

b.  What is the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon?

3.  Branched with no double bondsb.  What is the molecular formula?

• Ringed with one double bondb.  How many hydrogen atoms are in this molecule?

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 12 

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Hydrocarbon Practice

Identify the functional group or groups in each molecule.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 13 Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks

• Many of life’s molecules are gigantic.

‐ Biologists call them macromolecules.

‐ Examples:  DNA, carbohydrates

• Most macromolecules are polymers.

‐ Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers.

‐ A huge number of different polymers can be made from a small number of monomers.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 14 Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 15 Polymers are broken down to monomer by the reverse process, hydrolysis

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 16 State whether the statement is describing dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis.

1. Connects monomers to form a polymer.

2. Produces water as a by‐product.

3. Breaks up polymers, forming monomers.

4. Water is used to break bonds between monomers.

5. Joins amino acids to form a protein.

6. Glycerol and fatty acids combine to form a fat.

7. Occurs when polysaccharides are digested to form monosaccharides.

8. ‐H and –OH groups form water.

9. Nucleic acid breaks up to form nucleotides.

10. Water breaks up.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 17 Biological Molecules

• There are four categories of large molecules in cells:

– Carbohydrates

– Lipids

– Proteins

– Nucleic acids

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 18 Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates include

‐ Simple sugar molecules such as glucose in soft drinks

‐ Large polysaccharides such as starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 19 Carbohydrates

• The functions of carbohydrates include

‐ Provide energy for cellular work

‐ Short term storage of energy

‐ Building material to form plant bodies

‐ Carbon skeleton can be used to produce  

other organic compounds

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 20 Monomers of carbohydrates

• The monomers of carbohydrates are the monosaccharides (simple sugars)

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 21 Monosaccharides

• Monosaccharides are simple sugars.

‐ Examples:  glucose, fructose

• They are the source of energy for cellular work.

• Their carbon skeleton is used to produce other organic compounds

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 22 Disaccharides

• A disaccharide is a double sugar

‐ It is made from two monosaccharides.

• Examples include:  sucrose, lactose, maltose

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 23 Cells link simple sugars to form disaccharides

Monosaccharides can join to form disaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 24 Polysaccharides

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 25 Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides  are complex sugars

• They are long chains of monosaccharideslinked together by dehydration synthesis reactions.

• Examples include:  starch, glycogen, cellulose

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 26 Lipids

• Lipids are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen

• They are grouped together because they are hydrophobic.

• Functions are: long term energy storage, hormones (chemical messengers)

• Examples:  fats, steroids, phospholipids, waxes

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 27 Fats

• Fats are lipids whose main function is long term energy storage

‐ They are also called triglycerides

• Fats perform essential functions in the human body:  

‐ Long term energy storage

‐ Cushioning

‐ Insulation

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 28 Fats

• A triglyceride is a combination of glycerol and three fatty acid.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 29 Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 30 Healthy fats

• Not all fats are unhealthy.

‐ Some fats perform important functions in the body and are essential to a healthy diet

‐ Example:  omega‐3 fats found in some fish

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 31 Steroids

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 32 Steroids

• Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function.

‐ The carbon skeleton is bent to form four 

fused rings.

• Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids

‐ Example: sex hormones

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 33 Anabolic steroids

• Anabolic steroids are usually synthetic forms of testosterone.

• Some athletes use them to build up their muscles quickly.

• However, these substances can pose serious health risks.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 34 Phospholipids and Waxes

• Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes.

• Waxes form waterproof coatings.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 35 Proteins

• Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs to function

• This includes:   enzymes

transport

hormones

structural components

antibodies

contractile

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 36 Proteins

• The building blocks of proteins are aminoacids.

• There are 20 different amino acids.

Each amino acids consists of

‐ A central carbon atom   bonded to 4 covalent partners

‐ A side group that is       different for each of the 20 amino acids. 

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 37 Proteins

• Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis reactions.

• The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 38  Your body has tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins• The diversity of proteins is based on its primarystructure

‐ the specific sequence of 

amino acids 

• Proteins differ in 

‐ The different 

arrangements of the 

amino acids

‐ The number of amino 

acids they contain

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 39 

• A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function.

• The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle‐cell disease.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 40 Levels of Protein Structure

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 41 Protein Structure

• A protein’s shape determines its function.

• The shape of a protein is sensitive to the surrounding environment.

‐ Unfavorable temperature and pH changes   can cause a protein to unravel, lose its shape and its function.

‐ This is called denaturation

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 42 Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are information storage molecules.

‐ They provide the directions for building proteins.

‐ They ultimately control the life of a cell.

• There are two types of nucleic acids:

‐ DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid

‐ RNA, ribonucleic acid

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 43 Nucleic Acids

• The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.

• Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 44 Nucleic Acids

• Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:  Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 45 Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides are linked into long chains.

• A sugar to phosphate backbone joins the nucleotides together.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 46 The Structure of DNA

• The sugar in DNA is dexoyribose.

• The two strands of DNA join together to from a double helix.

• The sequence of the bases in DNA carries genetic information.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 47  DNA Provides the Instructions to Make a Protein 

• The genetic instructions in DNA are used to produce the primary structure of a protein.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 48 Structure of RNA

• RNA is different from DNA

‐ Its sugar is ribose

‐ It has the base uracil   (U) instead of thymine (T)

‐ It is single stranded

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 49 ATP – The Cell’s Energy

• ATP provides the energy needed for almost all cell and body activities.

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 50 ATP – The Cell’s Energy 

• ATP is composed of: 

a ribose sugar

the base adenine

3 phosphate groups

• Potential energy is stored in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

Slide 51 ATP – The Cell’s Energy

• When the bond joining the 2nd and 3rd

phosphate group is broken the stored energy is released and is used by the cell to do work.

Energy

 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

___________________________________ 

 

1.    

                  

   

 

   

 

 

 

 

2.   

   

   

 

 

3.   

 

            

           

                      

 

 

 

 

   

                       

   

   

   

   

                 

 

                       

 

                       

4.  

     

 

  5.  

   

                     

 

 

 

State whether the statement is describing dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis. 

1. Connects monomers to form a polymer. 

 

2. Produces water as a by‐product. 

 

3. Breaks up polymers, forming monomers. 

 

4. Water is used to break bonds between monomers. 

 

5. Joins amino acids to form a protein. 

 

6. Glycerol and fatty acids combine to form a fat. 

 

7. Occurs when polysaccharides are digested to form monosaccharides. 

 

8. ‐H and –OH groups form water. 

 

9. Nucleic acid breaks up to form nucleotides. 

 

10. Water breaks up.

 


Recommended