Chapter 3Chapter 3Settling theSettling theNorthern Northern ColoniesColonies

SeparatistsSeparatists

vs.vs.

PuritansPuritans

PuritanismPuritanismCalvinism – Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination.Good works could not save those predestined for hell.No one could be sure of their spiritual status.Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion”

PuritansWant to totally reform (purify) the Church of EnglandGrew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation in England

SeparatistsSeparatistsSeparatist beliefs

Only “visible saints” should be allowed church membershipBecause the Church of England enrolled all the King’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned”Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

1620 – a group of 102 people (half separatists)

Negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdictionNon-Separatists included Miles Standish

Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of theVirginia Company– Became squatters without legal right to land and

specific authority to establish a government

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620November 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620November 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the shipNot a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude government and submit to majority rule

Signed by 41 adult malesLed to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings

What was on the What was on the menu that first menu that first Thanksgiving?Thanksgiving?

That First Year…That First Year…

Winter of 1620-1621Only 44 of the original 102 survived

None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed backFall of 1621 – First Thanksgiving

Colony survived with fur, especially beaver, fish, and lumber

Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant.

1691 – only 7,000 peopleMerged with Massachusetts Bay Colony

William BradfordWilliam BradfordSelf-taught scholarChosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in annual electionsWorried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society

A Model of Christian CharityA Model of Christian CharityWell-off attorney and manor lord in England1st governor of MAWinthrop admonished the future MA Bay colonists that their new community would be watched by the worldUsed in modern America by JFK and Reagan as a parallel to democracy

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

Colonizing New EnglandColonizing New England

First Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA Bay

The MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay Colony

1629: non-Separatists got a royal charter to establish the MA Bay Co.

Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of EnglandThey didn’t want to leave the church, just its “impurities”

1630: 1000 people set off in 11 well stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub

“Great Migration” of the 1630sTurmoil in England, leading to the English Civil War, sent 70,000 Puritans to America

Land Division in Rowley, MALand Division in Rowley, MA

Characteristics of New Characteristics of New England SettlementsEngland Settlements

Low mortality – average life expectancy was 70 yearsMany extended familiesAverage 6 children per familyAverage age at marriage:

Women – 22 years oldMen – 27 years old

PatriarchyPatriarchyAuthoritarian male father figures controlled each household

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Intelligent, strong-willed,Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.well-spoken woman.

Threatened patriarchal Threatened patriarchal control.control.

AntinomialismAntinomialism [direct [direct revelation]revelation]

Means “against the law.”Means “against the law.”

Carried to logical extremes Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of Puritan doctrine of predestination.predestination.

Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.

Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.either God or man.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

1638 1638 she confounded the Puritan she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.leaders for days.

Eventually bragged that she had Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.

Direct revelation was even more serious Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??WHY??

Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her she & she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.her family traveled to RI and later to NY.

She and all but one member of her family She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.Westchester County.

John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s Trial

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Young, popular ministerin Salem

Argued for a full breakwith the Anglican churchCondemned MA BayCharter

Did not give fair compensation to the Indians

Denied authority of civil gov’t. to regulate religious behavior

1635 – found guilty of teaching “newe and dangerous opinions” and was exiled

Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams

1636 1636 Roger Williams fled there. Roger Williams fled there.

MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.competing colony.

Remarkable political freedom in Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIProvidence, RI

• Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage later later restricted by a property qualification.restricted by a property qualification.

• Opposed to special privilege of any kind Opposed to special privilege of any kind freedom of opportunity for all.freedom of opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters religious dissenters More liberal than More liberal than any other colony!any other colony!

Rhode IslandRhode Island

New England Spreads OutNew England Spreads Out

New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650

Indians especially weak in New England Indians especially weak in New England epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native populationpopulation

Wampanoags [near Plymouth] Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.befriended the settlers.

Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two helped by helped by SquantoSquanto..

1621 1621 Chief Massasoit signed Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers.treaty with the settlers.

Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 both groups both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

Puritans vs. Native AmericansPuritans vs. Native Americans

The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?

In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving an official US holiday.Thanksgiving an official US holiday.

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

Pequots Pequots very verypowerful tribepowerful tribein CT river valley.in CT river valley.

1637 1637 Pequot PequotWarWar

Whites, withWhites, withNarragansettNarragansettIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked Pequotattacked Pequotvillage on Mystic village on Mystic River.River.

Whites set fire Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.peace lasted for 40 years.

A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

Only hope for Native Only hope for Native Americans to resist Americans to resist white settlers was to white settlers was to UNITE.UNITE.

MetacomMetacom [King Philip to [King Philip to white settlers]white settlers]

Massasoit’s son united Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged Indians and staged coordinated attacks coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New on white settlements throughout New England.England.

Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.Boston.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

The war ended in failure for the IndiansThe war ended in failure for the Indians

Metacom beheaded and drawn and Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.quartered.

His son and wife sold into slavery.His son and wife sold into slavery.

Never a serious threat in New England Never a serious threat in New England again!!again!!

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake

Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake

New York

New Netherlands Becomes a New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal ColonyBritish Royal Colony

New Netherlands Becomes a New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal ColonyBritish Royal Colony

Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]

1664 English soldiers arrived.

Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.

Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.

Renamed “New York”

England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.

England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

Pennsylvania

The QuakersThe QuakersCalled Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.

They offended religious & secular leaders in England.

Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.

They met without paid clergy

Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference.

Keep hats on.

Addressed them as commoners ”thees”/“thous.”

Wouldn’t take oaths.

Pacifists.

William PennWilliam PennAristocratic Englishman.

1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith.

Embraced Quakerismafter military service.

1681 he received agrant from king toestablish a colony.

This settled a debt the king owed his father.

Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].

He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest.

Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

Royal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to Penn

Pennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian Society

Attracted many different people

Religious misfits from other colonies.

Many different ethnic groups.

No provision for military defense.

No restrictions on immigration.

No slavery!!

“Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

New Jersey

New Jersey – PA’s neighborNew Jersey – PA’s neighbor1664 aristocratic proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York.

Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ.

1674 West NJ sold to Quakers.

East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers.

1702 E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

Delaware

Delaware – PA’s neighborDelaware – PA’s neighbor

Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610].

Closely associated with Penn’s colony.

1703 granted its own assembly.

Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.