Chapter 3 Spatial Interaction & Spatial Behavior Spatial interaction & behavior common characteristics of spatial behavior that affect and unify all people and social systems ground rules of spatial interaction physical and behavioral constraints Spatial interaction the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities within and between areas Commodity flows points of supply to locals of demand factors in the structure of trade: 1. awareness of supplies or markets 2. presence or absence of transportation connections 3. costs of movements 4. ability to pay for things wanted & needed 3 Controlling principles Edward Ullman (( ) 1. Complementarity for two places to interact one must have a supply of an item for which there is an effective demand in the other by desire to purchase purchasing power means to transport it Or exchange developing countries International crude oil & complementarity Controlling principles 2. Transferability Spatial interaction can only occur when there are acceptable costs of an exchange: time & cost Characteristics & value of product Distance measured in time & $$$ penalties Commodity must be able to bear the costs of movement Dynamic relationships can & do change Controlling principles 3. Intervening opportunity Serves to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas Dynamic reflecting changeable structure of apparent opportunity Intervening opportunity Measuring interaction General principles/patterns Friction of distance Distance has retarding effect/ time & cost penalties Distance decay Near destinations have disproportionate pull over more distant locations Varies with activity Linear distance Only one aspect of transferability ` Shape of distance decay Gravity Model (Henry Carey ) Observations based on Newtons law of universal gravitation: 1. Interaction between urban centers can be calculated by size & distance 2. Large cities have greater drawing power for individuals than do small ones leading to Reillys law Breaking Point: Two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to their size and distance Human spatial behavior Mobility describes all types of human territorial movement 2 types: 1. Circulation a) daily or temporal b) longer periods, such as vacations 2. Migration Permanent move, relocation Circulation Individual areas of activity 1. Territoriality Emotional attachment to, and the defense of home ground 2. Personal space The zone of privacy/separation from other our culture or our physical circumstances require or permit Activity space Extended home range Variables: Stage of life Mobility Opportunities Space & time Daily activities consume time & space Space-Time Prism Space-Time Path Critical distance Short trips are more frequent Distance decay Information age Time & space are different for information flows due to modern telecommunications Time & space convergence = the obliteration of space Changing constraints, determinations on human activities, lifestyles Migration permanent relocation Unmistakable, recurring, near- universal theme Complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity, barriers, all play a role Often occurs in a series of steps, or chain, like links Decision factors Cultural, socio/economic Distance Responses to poverty, population growth, environmental deterioration, war, famine Micro macro moves Distance of migration Intercontinental 16 th to 17 th centuries, very little 19 th to 20 th, huge movements Involve movements between countries or counties Intracontinental International Interregional Rural to urban migration Due to Industrial Revolution 18 th to 19 th centuries in U.S. & Europe 20 th centuries, worldwide phonomenon Today more prevalent than international moves More difficult to move internationally Types of migration 1. Forced migration Historic & recent, million West Africans Caribbean, Central, South, & North America British convicts to Australia, after 1780 Forced migration Types of migration 2. Reluctant relocation 1969, 8 million Indonesians moved by government to less densely populated islands 2000, 14 million international war refugees Both internal or external movements Types of migration 3. Voluntary migration - largest Push of: Poverty, overcrowding, war, famine, environmental degradation, loss of job Pull of: Perceived economic opportunity, safety, food, better climate, cleaner/safer environment, family Voluntary migration Additional effects 1. Brain drain 2. Guest workers 3. Time - contract Counter migration Always occurs some migrants return to place of origin U.S., from 1900 1980, out of 80 million migrants, 10 million returned to their motherland Voluntary migration observations E.G. Ravenstein ( ) 1. Most migrants go only a short distance 2. Longer distance migration favors large cities 3. Most migration proceeds step by step 4. Most migration is rural to urban 5. Each migration flow produces a counter-flow 6. Most migrants are adults; family moves are less likely to be international 7. Most international migrants are young males Migration patterns Characteristics today Most migrants are young males, not a cross section of ages U.S. peaks in late 20s West Africa ages 15 to 39 New trend: young females increasingly migrate Domestic service jobs Entertainment industry Find your deep migration historym/