English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660
• Where are they going?
Focus Question:• Why did Chesapeake planters shift from using
white indentured servants as laborers to black slaves?
Big Picture:• VA/MD—similar economies, population, &
growth• Tobacco!• Indian lands & black labor
Virginia (1639)• Government• Royal Colony by James I• Most legislatures held
lifetime appointments and passed laws
• Judges & sheriffs appointed by governor collected taxes
• Religion• Supporters of Church of
England or Anglican• Fined for not attending
church!
Maryland (1632)• Government• Proprietary Colony• Ruled by Lord Baltimore
• Religion• Haven for Catholics• “Headrights system”• Manor system to
separate Catholics and Protestants
• “Act for Religious Toleration” 1649
Death, Gender, & Kinship• Need for male indentured servants• Death rates high to disease• Widows remarried, but lack of females led to low
population
Tobacco Shapes a Region, 1630-1675• 1618-boom, 1629-bust• Headrights system made planters wealthy & abuse
indentured servants• Little land/resources for freed servant = destitution
1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
WhiteBlack
WHY this large increase in black WHY this large increase in black popul.??popul.??
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676•Wealthy planters had access to land and furs• Colonists rebelled by massacring friendly Natives.• Bacon intimidates Gov. Berkeley, inciting riots.• Treaty of Middle Plantation 1677-peace with return of POW & land
Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon
GovernoGovernorr
William William BerkeleyBerkeley
From Servitude to Slavery• 1705—Racial slavery legal• Elites used race to give
whites a higher status• Slavery replaced the need
for indentured servants•Wages rose in England discouraging immigration•Most slaves by 1690 were imported directly from W. Africa
Richard Frethorne’sRichard Frethorne’s1623 Letter1623 Letter
In-Class ActivityIn-Class Activity::1.1. Describe the life of the indentured Describe the life of the indentured
servant as presented in this letter.servant as presented in this letter.2.2. What are some of the problems he What are some of the problems he
and the other servants experienced?and the other servants experienced?3.3. What are their biggest fears?What are their biggest fears?4.4. What does a historian learn about What does a historian learn about
life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?
Focus Question• Why did colonial New Englanders abandon John
Winthrop’s vision of a “city upon a hill”?
Big Picture:• NE based on religion• “Great Migration” of Separatist Puritans to NE
• King Charles II outlawed the Calvinist teachings in England (1620s)
• Two groups formed:• Puritans: Moved b/c church reformed too slowly.• Separatists: Completely separated from the Church of England.
• All went to Massachusetts
• John Winthrop created “Modell of Christian Charity”• First governor of Mass.
• Cooperation & no slaves
• Male dominated (only voters)
Sources of Puritan Migration
• Religious Leadership• “Saints” or church leaders had to prove conversion experiences before church members• Church free of state control• 1636—Harvard founded to teach ministers
New England Primer[1689]
• Roger Williams-popular Salem, MASS preacher• Puritans should break from CoE• Exiled & created Rhode Island• Colony for religious toleration
• Anne Hutchinson• Puritan church/saints corrupt•Women needed a stronger role in church• A “holy” life ≠ salvation• Exiled
• Land was given to church members• Women had no legal rights• Long life expectancy• Immunities & male to female ratio
• Relied heavily on shipping (rum, lumber, furs)• Government fixed prices (just price)• Church membership declined• Less were having “conversion experiences”• Created “halfway covenant”
Patriarchal Family
• 90% of NA population destroyed (disease & deforestation)
• “Praying towns” created
• 1635—Pequot Wars CT• Villages burned and NA pushed out
• King Phillips War 1765•Metacom or King Phillip organized local tribes against Whites• Failed b/c New Englanders received help from Christian NA from NY
Population Comparisons:New England v. the
Chesapeake
• 1691-1693• Young girls accussing
older female members of being witches
• Real fear: Puritanism fading out as colony matures & progresses.
• By 1693 hundreds die• Marks the end of
Puritanism and leads towards materialism.
• Focus Question: What factors facilitated the extension of slavery from the English Caribbean to the Carolinas?
Big Picture• Rice in the Carolinas and Sugar in the Caribbean
= slaves!• PA, NY, & NJ = Middle Colonies that were very
diverse!
• SP, FR, DU, BR races to colonize• England monopolized tobacco• Dutch & French monopolized sugar• 3 x more slave labor• “new slavery”
• Navigation Acts-England & Dutch trade sugar & slaves
• English start to immigrate to the Carolinas where the land is cheaper.
• “Restoration Colony” 1663
• Founded by Locke & Cooper “proprietors”• Created Fundamental Constitution-nobility in charge of land• Religious Toleration & elected assembly•White farmers left from West Indies
• Proprietors were ignored• Slaves were brought to the Carolinas b/c…•More immunities & skill• NA were being captured as slaves and traded to other NA for guns!
Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”
Section 4• Focus Question: In what ways did the middle
colonies differ from the other English colonial regions?
Big Picture:• Middle colonies are more diverse and have a
balance between religion and commerce.
New Netherland & New Sweden• 1638 Swedish colony• Guns for furs with NA
• Beaver Wars• Competed with Dutch
• Dutch attacked New Sweden in 1655 making it a part of NN.
• Multi-cultural & multi-religion• 1664 colony attacked by
English and renamed “New York” (given to King’s brother Duke of York)
Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter
New York & New Jersey• 1665 Duke of York
named New York a royal colony
• Immigrants included:• British, French, & New
Englanders• Lands divided among
Dutch & English• “New York Patroons”
• Formerly New Netherland
• Granted to William Penn and VA Gov. Berkely
• Penn’s vision: Quaker haven
• Attracted New Englanders
• W & E NJ • Protestants vs Quakers
• 1702 one colony
New YorkNew YorkManors &Manors &
Land Land GrantsGrants
PatroonshipsPatroonships
Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYorkEarly 20Early 20cc Dutch Revival Dutch Revival
Building in NYC.Building in NYC.
New York New York CityCityseal.seal.
Names Harlem, BrooklynCustoms Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].
Pennsylvania “Penns Woods”• Penn advertised land to
encourage Quaker settlement
• Signed a formal treaty & purchased from NA
• Religious Toleration• No slavery!• Representative assembly
• Dominated by Quakers• Organized cities in “grid
system”• Philadelphia
Pennsylvania• Quakers
• Established by George Fox• “Society of Friends”• Attracted poor men &
women• Belief in “Inner Light”
• Emphasis on equality, not status
• Pacifists• No church taxes• Kept on hats
• George Keith• New Quaker leader took
followers back to England
Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups
Section 5Focus Question: How did the French & Spanish colonies in mainland North American differ from English colonies?
Big Picture•France dominates Canada•Spain dominates NM, FL, & TX
• “New France” (Quebec)• Privately funded by lords• Populated by • indentured servants (free
after 3 years)• Traders-granted “kings
girls”• Missionaries
• Goal: to make ties with NA to trade & convert to Catholicism
• Jean Baptiste Colbert• “Mercantilism”
• 1690 Iroquois peace• Competition with furs led to war turning it into a royal colony
• “Coureurs de bois”
• 1625-Created alliances with NA for• Land, labor, & wealth• Missionaries converted• Encomiendas• Cut off traded between NA
• Pueblo Revolt, 1680• NA converted and followed Spanish rule• Series of natural disasters led NA to believe they offended
their Gods• Spanish responded to revolt by smashing “kivas”• Spain would not return until 1716 to establish permanent
colonies
• 1635• Homes to Spanish
missionaries• Local NA resist
conversion & slavery• Suffered attacks from NA
in Carolinas who support English
• Competition:• English slave trade to North• French control over
Louisiana