Chapter 32 Chapter 32 World War 2World War 2 1939 -1945

Section 1Section 1

Lightning Lightning WarWar

World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins

Germany sparks a new Germany sparks a new

war.war. On September 1, 1939 Germany attacked Poland with its whole arsenal.

France & England declared war on Germany on Sept. 3 but Poland was lost in 3 weeks.

Blitzkrieg, or lightning war involved using fast-moving airplanes, tanks, followed by massive infantry forces to take the enemy by surprise. (map pg. 926)

Dr. Zygmunt Klukowski – in Dr. Zygmunt Klukowski – in PolandPoland

The town is crowded with Germans. They are quartered in all the larger houses. Most of them are from Austria and some from Vienna. In general the

Germans are trying to clean up the city. For this work they are using only Jews. Jews must sweep the

streets, clean all the public latrines, and fill all the street trenches. Plastered everywhere are German notices giving an idea of what we can expect in the

future. We must return all arms. We must record all contagious

diseases. The police curfew is from 10 P.M. until 5:30 A.M. The restrictions applying to Jewish shops change from day to day. Sometimes the Jews are allowed to

open their shops, and sometimes they are not. It seems that most of the orders are aimed at the Jews.

The Soviets make The Soviets make their movetheir move Stalin signed a Stalin signed a

nonaggression pactnonaggression pact with Hitler after being with Hitler after being excluded from the excluded from the Munich Conference.Munich Conference.

Stalin sent troops to Stalin sent troops to secure the eastern secure the eastern part of Poland, and part of Poland, and annexed (Lithuania, annexed (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia)Latvia, and Estonia)

The Phony WarThe Phony War

For almost 7 months, French & British troops sat along the Maginot Line & the Germans waited at the Siegfried Line.

This ended when Hitler attacked & conquered Denmark (4 hours) & Norway (10 months).

Maginot Maginot Line Line

FortificatiFortificationon

Battle for France & Great Battle for France & Great BritainBritain France battles back

The Allies were forced to retreat to Dunkirk where Royal Navy ships, civilian craft, yachts, lifeboats, fishing boats carried 338,000 soldiers to safety in Britain from May 26 to June 4, 1940.

France Falls On June 10, 1940 Mussolini declared war on

Britain & France & the Axis Powers took Paris by June 14th.

Germany took the northern part of France & set up a puppet gov’t set up in Vichy under Marshall Henri Petain.

Battle for France & Battle for France & Great BritainGreat Britain A French General,

Charles de Gaulle, fled to Britain to start a Resistance Movement.

Germany attacks Great Britain Winston Churchill,

the new British prime-minister, had declared his nation would never give in.

Battle for France & Great Battle for France & Great BritainBritain Germany’s plan was to attack with the Luftwaffe

& destroy Britain until they could launch a major ground offensive. (Operation Sea Lion)

However England’s RAF (Royal Air Force) fought back (although severely outnumbered).

The British had 2 secret weapons: They had developed RADAR. Enigma ~ A German code

making machine

Battle for France & Battle for France & Great BritainGreat Britain The Battle of Britain

continued until May 10, 1941 until Hitler decided to call off the attacks.

Allies learned a Allies learned a crucial lesson*: crucial lesson*: Hitler’s advances Hitler’s advances could be blocked!could be blocked!

http://youtu.be/LsKDGM5KTBY

Battle of Britain

The Eastern Front & the The Eastern Front & the MediterraneanMediterranean Germany & Italy attack

North Africa Their goal was to take the

British controlled Suez Canal & open access to oil in the Middle East.

Britain strikes back & took back 130,000 prisoners & Germany was forced to send General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox)

He led the Afrika Korps.

The Eastern Front & the The Eastern Front & the MediterraneanMediterranean They fought back &

forth until Rommel had a major victory at Tobruk.

However, the British victory (with American help) at El Alamein saved the Suez Canal.

North Africa

The Eastern Front & the The Eastern Front & the MediterraneanMediterranean The War in the

Balkans (Operation Barbarossa) Hitler took

Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia & Greece in 1941.

Hitler invades the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941) The Red Army had 5

million soldiers but they were neither well equipped nor well trained.

The Russians used the scorched earth policy.

As winter approached, Hitler gave the order NO RETREAT!!!! & the Russians held the line.

The Eastern Front & the The Eastern Front & the MediterraneanMediterranean

The US aids its The US aids its AlliesAllies The United

States followed an official policy of isolationism.

The US aids its The US aids its AlliesAllies

Roosevelt knew if the Allies (Britain) fall the US would be drawn into the war so they began trading arms with the Allies.

Lend- Lease Act President could lend or

lease arms & other supplies to any country vital to the US

Atlantic Charter Set the goals for the

postwar world

A Date Which Will Live A Date Which Will Live in Infamyin Infamy

Japan Strikes Japan Strikes BackBack The Surprise Attack on The Surprise Attack on Pearl Pearl

HarborHarbor Japan had been conquering

European colonies in the Pacific & SE Asia.

Japan’s greatest naval strategist, Isoroku Yamamoto argued that the US fleet in Hawaii was, “A dagger pointed at our throat.”

Japan Strikes Japan Strikes BackBack Early in the morning on

December 7, 1941, American sailors at Pearl Harbor awoke to a roar of explosives.

Some 2,400 Americans were killed, 1,000 wounded & within 2 hours nearly the whole Pacific fleet was destroyed.

Japan Strikes BackJapan Strikes Back

The Holocaust

The Holocaust The Holocaust BeginsBegins

1933 – Jews were forbidden to hold gov’t office.

1935 – Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of their rights to German citizenship, jobs & property.

To make it easier to identify Jews, they had to wear bright yellow stars.

Nuremberg Race Nuremberg Race LawsLaws 1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of

German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad.

2. Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants.

3. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors.

4. Any person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 1 will be punished with hard labour.

Nuremberg Race Nuremberg Race LawsLaws A citizen of the Reich is that subject only who is of

German or kindred blood and who, through his conduct, shows that he is both desirous and fit to serve the German people and Reich faithfully.

TheThe Holocaust Holocaust BeginsBegins ““Night of the Broken Night of the Broken

Glass.”Glass.” German storm

troopers killed 100 Jews & destroyed their homes & stores.

The Flood of Refugees By the end of 1939,

some Jews began fleeing. Hitler favored deportation at first.

TheThe Holocaust Holocaust BeginsBegins Isolating the Jews

Secondly, Hitler ordered all Jews in all countries under his control to be moved to certain cities in Poland – Jewish Ghettos – surrounded by barb wire & stone walls.

Ghetto in Lodz, Poland

The Holocaust The Holocaust BeginsBegins Finally, Hitler became tired of waiting for the Jews to die so he started the “Final Solution.”

It was actually a program of genocide, the systematic killing of an entire people.

This included Jews, gypsies, Poles, Russian, the insane, disabled, homosexuals, & the incurably ill.

The Holocaust The Holocaust BeginsBegins

The mass killing begins Firing squad Gas chambers Extermination

camps (Chelmo, Treblinka, Auschwitz)

Those fit work were sent to work camps.

Chart pg. 834

Prisoners who arrived at these death camps were Prisoners who arrived at these death camps were checked by SS doctors to pick out the strong from weak checked by SS doctors to pick out the strong from weak = were killed that day.= were killed that day.

The weak were asked to undress to take a showerThe weak were asked to undress to take a shower = = cyanide gascyanide gas

Later Nazi’s installed crematoriums to burn the bodies. Later Nazi’s installed crematoriums to burn the bodies.

Pg. 834 – Chart of Jews Killed under Nazi RulePg. 834 – Chart of Jews Killed under Nazi Rule

The Holocaust BeginsThe Holocaust Begins

Human Experiments from the Human Experiments from the HolocaustHolocaust

The Holocaust The Holocaust BeginsBegins they told us, that we would be treated as

political prisoners, but, they put us in a camp among burglars and thieves--German burglars and thieves--and they were commanders in work. And, we were under... We were getting more beating over our heads, and later on, you have to be very careful not to be put in the punishing company. I have been in the punishment company. And I had to, uh, carry on the hill, the mountain, the, uh, a very heavy, uh, box ... every day six weeks long, and after that rolling big stones the whole way. Only the help of a young friend of mine saved me from dying.

Images from the Images from the HolocaustHolocaust

The Holocaust: Part II

Images from the Images from the HolocaustHolocaust

Images from the Images from the HolocaustHolocaust

Images from the Images from the HolocaustHolocaust

Images from the Images from the HolocaustHolocaust

The Allies Plan for The Allies Plan for VictoryVictory Yalta Conference

Germany must surrender unconditionally.

Germany will be divided into 4 zones.

The Soviet Union will allow free elections in Eastern European countries.

Soviet Union will declare war on Japan.

The Allies Plan for The Allies Plan for VictoryVictory Stalin asked Roosevelt & Churchill to open a

second front in the West to alleviate German pressures.

The North Africa Campaign With Rommel winning many battles in Northern

Africa, London sent General Bernard Montgomery “Monty” to take control of the British forces.

The Allies would win major victories at El Alamein & Operation Torch to crush Rommel’s Afrika Corps.

Turning Point at Turning Point at StalingradStalingrad As Rommel suffered defeats in North As Rommel suffered defeats in North Africa, German armies met their match in Africa, German armies met their match in the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

The Germans had stalled at Leningrad & The Germans had stalled at Leningrad & Moscow.Moscow. Largely due to the winter.Largely due to the winter.

With the summer of 1942 came the With the summer of 1942 came the opportunity for Hitler to head south to opportunity for Hitler to head south to seize the oil fields and Stalingrad.seize the oil fields and Stalingrad.

Turning Point at Turning Point at StalingradStalingrad Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad

August 23, 1942August 23, 1942 The German The German

Luftwaffe began Luftwaffe began bombing & destroyed bombing & destroyed most of the city.most of the city.

Stalin had given the Stalin had given the order:order: ““Not one step Not one step

backward”backward”

Turning Point at Turning Point at StalingradStalingrad By early November 1942, the Germans By early November 1942, the Germans

controlled 90% of the city.controlled 90% of the city. November 19November 19thth

Soviets launch a counter attack and Soviets launch a counter attack and then entrap the Germansthen entrap the Germans

Germans are ordered to stay in their Germans are ordered to stay in their position with the promise that they position with the promise that they would get supplies & reinforcements.would get supplies & reinforcements.

Turning Point at Turning Point at StalingradStalingrad Hitler’s Commander Hitler’s Commander Gen. Gen.

Friedrich von Paulus:Friedrich von Paulus: ““Rations exhausted. Rations exhausted.

Over 12,000 Over 12,000 unattended wounded unattended wounded in pocket. What orders in pocket. What orders should I give to troops should I give to troops who have no more who have no more ammunition and are ammunition and are subjected to mass subjected to mass attack supported by attack supported by heavy artillery?”heavy artillery?”

Turning Point at Turning Point at StalingradStalingrad Hitler’s Response:Hitler’s Response:

““Surrender is out Surrender is out of the question. of the question. The troops will The troops will defend defend themselves to themselves to the last.”the last.”

Turning Point at Turning Point at StalingradStalingrad Germany lost 330,000 troops & the

Soviets lost a million in this yearlong battle, but the Germans were now on the defensive.

The Invasion of The Invasion of ItalyItaly Casablanca Casablanca

Conference Conference January, 1943January, 1943 Wanted Wanted

unconditional unconditional surrender for surrender for Germany. Germany.

Attack Italy Attack Italy before France. before France.

The Invasion ofThe Invasion of ItalyItaly In July, 1943 the Allies

attacked Italy. This conquest led to

King Victor Emmanuel III to fire Mussolini & had him arrested.

However, Germany put Mussolini in charge of northern Italy (Italian Social Republic) & the Allies would be fighting there until the end of the war.

The End of Mussolini

Life on the Allies Life on the Allies Home FrontsHome Fronts Mobilizing for Total

War Countries rationed

everything for the war effort.

All industries were put on a war footing: Automobile factories produced tanks.

Allied Propaganda Allied Propaganda

Allied PropagandaAllied Propaganda

Allied PropagandaAllied Propaganda

Nazi Propaganda Nazi Propaganda "England's "England's

leadership leadership is in good is in good hands."hands."

Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda

Life on the Allies Life on the Allies Home FrontsHome Fronts Civil Rights Curtailed

by the War On February 19,

1942 Roosevelt set up a program of internment & loss of property, since Japanese Americans were considered a threat to the country.

Normandy InvasionNormandy Invasion

Allied Victory in Allied Victory in EuropeEurope By the end of 1942, the Allies began turning the tide of the war.

D-Day Invasion By May 1944, the invasion

force was ready. Thousands of planes, ships, landing craft & 3.5 million troops awaited attack.

This invasion would be led This invasion would be led by by U.S. General EisenhowerU.S. General Eisenhower

Allied Victory in Allied Victory in EuropeEurope Code name – Operation

Overlord – the invasion of Normandy was the greatest land & sea attack in history – June 6, 1944

Despite the causalities, the Allies held the Beachheads & General Patton’s Third Army raced west breaking German lines.

Normandy InvasionNormandy Invasion

By September, The Allies had liberated France, Belgium, Luxembourg, & much of the Netherlands.

Allied Victory in Allied Victory in EuropeEurope The Battle of the Bulge

The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last chance to halt the Allies advance but it was unsuccessful.

Germany’s Unconditional Surrender Hitler committed suicide blaming the war on the

Jews & blaming his generals for losing. On May 8, 1945, the Germans officially

surrendered. The US and allied powers celebrate. V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day.

Victory in the Victory in the PacificPacific

The Atomic Bomb brings disaster.

Now president of the US, Harry Truman, had a make a decision whether or not to use the results of the Manhattan project.

August 6, 1945 – Atomic bomb (little boy) dropped on Hiroshima killing 365,000 people.

Victory in the Victory in the PacificPacific August 9th 1945 – A

second atomic bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on Nagasaki

Almost 73,000 people died from this attack.

More deaths come later due to radiation effects.

Effects from Atomic Effects from Atomic BombBomb

Effects from Atomic Effects from Atomic BombBomb

Victory in the Victory in the PacificPacific September 2, 1945

– The Japanese surrender to General Douglas MacArthur aboard the US battleship USS Missouri.

This is known as V-J Day.

V-J DayV-J Day

Europe in RuinsEurope in Ruins WW II left 60 million

dead, 50 million people without homes, & billions in damage.

Many European cities & the countryside were completely destroyed. Warsaw, Poland had

1.3 million people in 1940 & in 1945 they had only 153,000 people remaining.

Europe in RuinsEurope in Ruins People were also displaced by the war, factories

destroyed, no water, electricity & little food. Misery Continues after the war

Since most railways were destroyed, food could not reach the cities. In August, 1945 4,000 citizens of Berlin were dying everyday.

Postwar Governments & Politics After the war, the countries of Germany,

France & Italy were ashamed & many people in those countries turned toward Communism.

An Attempt at An Attempt at JusticeJustice

The Nuremberg Trials 22 Nazi leaders were

charged with waging a war of aggression.

“Accused of crimes against humanity.”

Some prominent Nazi leaders commit suicide to avoid trial.

The Effects of the The Effects of the Defeat in JapanDefeat in Japan Japan was completely destroyed & all of their holdings

were taken away. The US will occupy Japan Demilitarization in Japan

MacArthur institutes a process of demilitarization – disbanding Japanese armed forces.

In February 1946, MacArthur & his American political advisors drew up a constitution (Parliamentary democracy).

The US also sent 2 billion dollars in emergency relief.

US Occupation Brings Deep US Occupation Brings Deep ChangesChanges Japan had always considered

the emperor as a God, & now he became largely a figurehead.

The New constitution guaranteed real political power with a parliament called the Diet & a Prime Minister.

In September 1951, The US & 41 other nations signed a formal peace treaty with Japan which officially ended the war.